Picea mariana polyphenolic extract inhibits phlogogenic mediators produced by TNF-α-activated psoriatic keratinocytes: Impact on NF-κB pathway

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Picea mariana ((Miller) Britton, Sterns, and Poggenburg; Pinaceae) bark has been traditionally used by North American natives for treating topical inflammations. It has been also suggested to improve various inflammatory skin disorders like Psoriasis vulgaris. Extracts from this bark storage protein contain polyphenolic compounds which have well-known antiinflammatory activities. Based on the capacity of polyphenolic compounds to modulate functions of normal human keratinocytes, this study was set up to decipher the mechanisms of action of a chemically characterized polyphenolic extract from Picea mariana bark (BS-EAcf) on lesional keratinocytes of skin with psoriasis vulgaris, a disease driven by the immune system in which TNF-alpha plays a significant role. Materials and methods: BS-EAcf corresponds to the ethyl acetate soluble fraction from the hot water extract of Picea man ana bark. BS-EAcf effects were evaluated in normal human (NHK) and psoriatic (PR) keratinocytes stimulated by TNF-alpha. Cell viability was assessed by lactate deshydrogenase release and propidium iodide (PI) staining. The mechanisms of action of BS-EAcf in keratinocytes were investigated by flow cytometry, ELISAs, RT-PCR and western blot analyses. Results: PK exhibited a higher response to TNF-alpha than NHK regarding the ICAM-1 expression and the production of NO, IL-6, IL-8, fractalkine and PGE(2), whereas BS-EAcf significantly inhibited this TNF-alpha-induced increase at concentrations without causing keratinocyte toxicity. Additionally, this extract significantly inhibited the TNF-alpha-induced release of elafin and VEGF by PR and NHK. Since TNF-alpha activation of most of these factors is dependent on the NF-kappa B pathway, this latter was studied in TNF-alpha-activated PR. BS-EAcf inhibited the TNF-alpha-induced phosphorylation and degradation of total I kappa B alpha as well as phosphorylation of NF-kappa B p65. Conclusions: The ethyl acetate fraction from Picea mariana bark extract showed inhibitory effects of cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, nitric oxide and prostaglandins produced by keratinocytes under TNF-alpha activation through down-regulating the NF-kappa B pathway. This study demontrated that this extract could be a potential antiinflammatory agent capable of improving psoriatic skin. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.