Theoretical contribution of the upper extremities to reducing trunk extension following a laboratory-induced slip

Slips are frequently the cause of fall-related injuries. Identifying modifiable biomechanical requirements for successful recovery is a key prerequisite to developing task-specific fall preventive training programs. The purpose of this study was to quantify the biomechanical role of the upper extremities during the initial phase of a slip resulting in trunk motion primarily in the sagittal plane. Two groups of adults were examined: adults over age 65 who fell and adults aged 18-40 who avoided falling after slipping. We hypothesized that rapid shoulder flexion could significantly reduce trunk extension velocity, that adults who slipped would implement this as a fall avoidance strategy, and that younger adults who avoided failing would use this strategy more effectively than older adults who fell. The kinematics of the 12 younger adults and eight older adults were analyzed using a three-segment conservation of momentum model developed to represent the trunk, head, and upper extremities. The model was used to estimate the possible contribution of the upper extremities to reducing trunk extension velocity. The model showed that upper extremity motion can significantly reduce trunk extension velocity. Although the upper extremities significantly reduced the trunk extension velocity of both young and older adults (p<0.027), the reduction found for the young adults, 13.6+/-11.4%, was significantly larger than that of the older adults (5.8+/-3.4%, p = 0.045). Given the potential for trunk extension velocity to be reduced by rapid shoulder flexion, fall prevention interventions focused on slip-related falls may benefit from including upper extremity motion as an outcome whether through conventional or innovative strategies. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.