Review
Energy & Fuels
Siyan Chen, Zhenhai Gao, Tianjun Sun
Summary: This review discusses the general working mechanism of Lithium-ion batteries, the thermal runaway process, trigger conditions, material factors, and advancements in battery safety. It aims to provide a general picture of thermal runaway risks and solutions for safer battery designs.
ENERGY SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Quanqing Yu, Yuwei Nie, Simin Peng, Yifan Miao, Chengzhi Zhai, Runfeng Zhang, Jinsong Han, Shuo Zhao, Michael Pecht
Summary: In recent years, frequent electric vehicle safety incidents related to batteries have raised concerns about the adequacy of current international safety standards. China, as the leading producer of batteries for electric vehicles, has developed its own national standards, but the unique value of these standards is in question. This review paper analyzes the Chinese safety standards from various perspectives and provides recommendations for building better international battery safety standards.
Review
Thermodynamics
Xinghui Zhang, Zhao Li, Lingai Luo, Yilin Fan, Zhengyu Du
Summary: Electric vehicles powered by lithium-ion batteries have great potential in alleviating energy and environmental issues, but temperature management is crucial for their development and propagation. Both high and low temperature environments can negatively impact battery performance and safety, requiring proper handling.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Nikolaos Wassiliadis, Johannes Kriegler, Kareem Abo Gamra, Markus Lienkamp
Summary: The increasing sales of battery electric vehicles have led to their wider use under demanding conditions, such as frequent fast charging and operation under low temperatures. To prevent battery aging and failure, a health-aware fast charging strategy based on a model of reduced order is proposed, which can significantly reduce charging time while prolonging the cycle life of lithium-ion batteries.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Duanmei Song, Jiadong Yu, Mengmeng Wang, Quanyin Tan, Kang Liu, Jinhui Li
Summary: The critical supply of materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has become highly vulnerable to epidemics and geopolitical influences, highlighting the importance of independent and autonomous in situ recycling of LIBs. Many technologies have been developed rapidly for recycling spent LIBs in the last decade. However, their sustainability is seriously questioned, given the blind pursuit of recycling efficiency and profit maximization, even if the so-called innovative methods.
ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS
(2023)
Review
Energy & Fuels
John H. T. Luong, Cang Tran, Di Ton-That
Summary: Lithium-ion batteries have become a major energy storage solution for modern electric vehicles, but there are still many technical challenges to overcome in EVs, such as increasing driving range, reducing charging time, lowering manufacturing and recycling costs, and reducing the demand for metals like lithium.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Xue Xia, Liang Tang
Summary: This study proposes a model for automotive cylindrical LIBs that can reduce computational effort in EV crash simulations, taking into account various operating conditions and characteristics of LIBs. It provides a powerful tool for analyzing the safety of batteries and battery packs with less computational and analytic effort.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Tae -Won Noh, Dong Hwan Kim, Byoung Kuk Lee
Summary: In this study, a novel online state-of-health (SOH) estimation algorithm for electric vehicles (EVs) is proposed based on the compression ratio of open circuit voltage (OCV)-to-charged capacity curve. The proposed algorithm estimates the degraded capacity at every sampling time during the driving operation through a first-order low-pass filter, which does not require complex mathematical tools and numerous offline data.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2023)
Review
Energy & Fuels
Weixuan Wang, Chuanchang Li, Xiaoliang Zeng, Jian Chen, Rong Sun
Summary: This paper discusses the importance of temperature control in power batteries and summarizes methods to prevent thermal runaway. It also analyzes the advantages of polymer-based phase change materials (PCMs) in battery thermal management systems and reviews their formation and thermal conductivity mechanism. Finally, suggestions for future development are presented.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Friedrich von Buelow, Markus Wassermann, Tobias Meisen
Summary: This study surpasses existing battery state of health (SOH) forecasting methods by using battery pack data from real-world vehicle operation. The results show that a state-of-the-art SOH forecasting method based on histogram features works not only on laboratory battery cell data, but also on real-world battery system data.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Donghai Qiao, Gaoshang Wang, Tianming Gao, Bojie Wen, Tao Dai
Summary: The analysis on future lithium demand shows that if recovered lithium cannot be used for new lithium battery manufacturing, the surplus resources may exceed the demand in the basic demand (BD) field. However, if recovered lithium can be reused for new battery manufacturing, it will be able to meet most of the future lithium demand.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
Review
Energy & Fuels
Friedrich von Buelow, Tobias Meisen
Summary: The ageing of Lithium-ion batteries depends on their operation during charging, discharging, and rest phases, and can be forecasted to determine the state of health (SOH) of the battery. This SOH forecasting is valuable for fleet managers of battery electric vehicle (BEV) fleets to plan vehicle replacement and optimize operational strategies. However, there are limitations in the applicability and comparability of existing models due to different data sets, metrics, output values, and forecast horizons.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Dinh Van Hiep, Nam Hoai Tran, Nguyen Anh Tuan, Tran Manh Hung, Ngo Viet Duc, Hoang Tung
Summary: In response to increasing environmental pollution caused by traffic concentration in major cities, Vietnam, like many countries, is promoting the use of environmentally friendly vehicles. This study aims to assess the market development of electric two-wheelers (E2Ws) and evaluate battery charging business models in Vietnam. The results show that E2W deployment is still in the exploratory stage and faces challenges, particularly regarding the E2W battery charging and swapping system. It is recommended to improve incentives for E2W adoption and enhance the battery charging infrastructure system.
Article
Environmental Studies
Hadrien Bajolle, Marion Lagadic, Nicolas Louvet
Summary: This article uses qualitative interviews with LIB experts to reveal three main narratives regarding the decrease in battery prices. The first narrative suggests rapid price stabilization due to insufficient raw material supply. The second narrative predicts that prices will soon stop decreasing, but does not foresee physical shortages. The third narrative considers the disruption of the market by new technologies, such as solid-state batteries, which could lead to further price decreases even in the long run.
ENERGY RESEARCH & SOCIAL SCIENCE
(2022)
Review
Thermodynamics
Yusheng Zheng, Yunhong Che, Xiaosong Hu, Xin Sui, Daniel-Ioan Stroe, Remus Teodorescu
Summary: This paper provides a comprehensive review of temperature estimation techniques in battery systems, discussing potential metrics, different estimation methods, and their strengths and limitations in battery management. The challenges and future opportunities in battery thermal state monitoring are also identified and discussed.
PROGRESS IN ENERGY AND COMBUSTION SCIENCE
(2024)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Christoph Leo, Maria C. Rizzi, Niels M. Bos, Ragnhild J. Davidse, Astrid Linder, Ernst Tomasch, Corina Klug
Summary: This study analyzed sex-specific differences in pedestrian and cyclist accidents involving passenger cars, finding that females have a significantly higher likelihood of sustaining skeletal injuries to the lower extremities, lower odds of being involved in rural or nighttime accidents compared to males, and that elderly pedestrians and cyclists tend to sustain more severe injuries. Further investigations are needed to distinguish between gender- and sex-specific differences causing the different injury patterns.
FRONTIERS IN BIOENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Marvin Sprenger, Norbert Dolle, Florian Schauwecker, Marco Raffler, Christian Ellersdorfer, Wolfgang Sinz
Summary: Analyzing the impact of electrical aging on the mechanical behavior and safety of lithium-ion cells, this study found that aging significantly affects the mechanical properties of anodes and separators. Experiments were conducted at different states of charge, showing higher safety risks for aged cells under mechanical loads due to their changed mechanical properties and thermal behavior.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Tobias Werling, Georg Baumann, Florian Feist, Wolfgang Sinz, Christian Ellersdorfer
Summary: This study investigated the mechanical behavior of high-voltage busbars under high strain rate loading using a split Hopkinson pressure bar. Two types of busbars were tested, revealing that polyamide 12 insulated busbars have increased safety regarding insulation failure at high loading speeds, while fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 insulated busbars exhibit highly brittle material behavior. The experimental results were complemented with a strain rate-dependent model for thermoplastics, achieving good agreement with the behavior observed.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Paolo Di Giorgio, Giovanni Di Ilio, Elio Jannelli, Fiorentino Valerio Conte
Summary: This study proposes a new approach to address the thermal management of batteries in fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles by integrating the battery pack with a metal hydride tank. The experimental investigation proves the concept and shows that the system effectively controls temperature variations within the battery pack.
Article
Orthopedics
Manfred K. Muhlbauer, Ernst Tomasch, Wolfgang Sinz, Siegfried Trattnig, Hermann Steffan
Summary: This study used MRI to investigate cervical spine motion in healthy volunteers and found that the center of rotation for flexion/extension is not constant and a completely independent center of rotation exists for lateral bending. These findings are important for improving the design of future cervical arthroplasty devices.
BMC MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Demin Nalic, Tomislav Mihalj, Faris Orucevic, Martin Schabauer, Cornelia Lex, Wolfgang Sinz, Arno Eichberger
Summary: The safety approval and assessment of automated driving systems (ADS) are complex tasks, and the number of traffic scenarios makes it necessary to evaluate their criticality and extract those with safety risks. This paper proposes a novel method based on time-to-react (TTR) measurement, incorporating fictive vehicles and variable criticality thresholds (VCTs) to evaluate the overall scenario's criticality. By placing fictive vehicles in adjacent lanes, the method determines the criticality of the lanes next to the ego vehicle.
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Hexuan Li, Vamsi Prakash Makkapati, Li Wan, Ernst Tomasch, Heinz Hoschopf, Arno Eichberger
Summary: This article demonstrates the effectiveness of a Vehicle-in-the-Loop (ViL) testbed in conducting dynamic tests of vehicles equipped with highly automated driving functions. The Apollo platform is utilized to develop an automated driving function that can perceive the surrounding traffic in a virtual environment and generate feasible trajectories, achieved with the help of a multibody simulation platform. The results show that critical traffic scenarios can be replicated safely and repeatedly on the ViL testbed, and the Apollo-based driving function can effectively cope with these scenarios.
Article
Transportation Science & Technology
Patrick Hoeschele, Stefan Smit, Ernst Tomasch, Oestling Martin, Krystoffer Mroz, Corina Klug
Summary: Assessment of crashworthiness of autonomous vehicles requires the generation of generic crash pulses for various crash scenarios. This study generated representative crash pulses for AVs based on vehicle-to-vehicle structure simulations with current European sedan cars. The prediction model created for each crash configuration provided good predictions for heading direction and can be used for evaluating restraint systems in conceptual studies.
SAE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION SAFETY
(2023)
Proceedings Paper
Computer Science, Information Systems
Severin Keller, Dusko Vukovic, Stanislava Serecunova, Dana Seyringer, Fiorentino Valerio Conte
Summary: A new software tool, AWG-Wuckler, has been developed to calculate the geometric parameters of arrayed waveguide grating structures for telecommunication and medical applications. It offers a fast and easy-to-use solution for the complex design process of AWG, overcoming the issues of geometric constraints and parameter adjustments.
2022 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BROADBAND COMMUNICATIONS FOR NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS AND MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS (COBCOM)
(2022)
Article
Electrochemistry
Patrick Hoeschele, Simon Franz Heindl, Bernd Schneider, Wolfgang Sinz, Christian Ellersdorfer
Summary: The safety of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles is crucial. Experimental methods were developed to determine the extent and type of contamination, and a machine-learning algorithm was used to predict the contamination state. This can be integrated into battery management systems to enhance vehicle safety.
Article
Electrochemistry
Luigi Aiello, Gregor Gstrein, Simon Erker, Bernhard Kaltenegger, Christian Ellersdorfer, Wolfgang Sinz
Summary: Nail penetration is a critical scenario in lithium-ion cells, involving electrical short circuit, temperature and electro-thermal modeling. The use of standard conic nails in current tests leads to poor reproducibility of electrical contact between conductive components and nails, making it difficult to validate electro-thermal models. This study presents an alternative nail with optimized ratio to overcome this issue, demonstrating its effectiveness through testing and showcasing the potential for model validation with the new data.
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Masoumeh Parseh, Fredrik Asplund, Lars Svensson, Wolfgang Sinz, Ernst Tomasch, Martin Torngren
Summary: This study proposes a data-driven motion planning method to minimize injury severity for vehicle occupants in unavoidable collisions, by establishing a metric that models the relationship between impact location and injury severity and including it in the cost function of a motion planning framework. The method considers vehicle dynamics and constraints through a precomputed trajectory library, allowing for efficient computation and accurate representation of the vehicle. Simulation results show that the trajectory associated with the minimum cost mitigates collision severity for occupants of passenger vehicles involved in the collision.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT VEHICLES
(2021)
Article
Electrochemistry
Luigi Aiello, Ilie Hanzu, Gregor Gstrein, Eduard Ewert, Christian Ellersdorfer, Wolfgang Sinz
Summary: This paper presents tests and analysis of thermal runaway propagation for commercial modules consisting of four 41 Ah Li-ion pouch cells. The experiments revealed 8 distinct phases during the process, confirming that the violent exothermal reactions of thermal runaway are caused by internal separator failure. Postmortem inspections showed internal electrical failure path in one cell and propagation of internal short circuit in its active material volume, suggesting that the expansion of electrolyte plays a role in short circuit propagation at the single cell level.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ernst Tomasch, Simon Franz Heindl, Gregor Gstrein, Wolfgang Sinz, Hermann Steffan
Summary: This study investigated the safety measures at tunnel portals and lay-bys for reducing injury risk. The 8m concrete barrier achieved the best results in terms of Acceleration Severity Index and Theoretical Head Impact Velocity, while other measures performed less satisfactorily. No protection measure currently complies with all assessment criteria used.
