From bad to worse: collider stratification amplifies confounding bias in the “obesity paradox”

A Nearly Unavoidable Mechanism for Collider Bias with Index-Event Studies

(2014) W. Dana Flanders et al.   EPIDEMIOLOGY

Obesity Paradox

(2014) Samuel H. Preston et al.   EPIDEMIOLOGY

The obesity paradox: Understanding the effect of obesity on mortality among individuals with cardiovascular disease

(2014) Hailey R. Banack et al.   PREVENTIVE MEDICINE

Signed directed acyclic graphs for causal inference

(2010) Tyler J. VanderWeele et al.   JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES B-STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY

Body-Mass Index and Mortality among 1.46 Million White Adults

(2010) Amy Berrington de Gonzalez et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Issues related to modeling the body mass index–mortality association: the shape of the association and the effects of smoking status

(2008) R A Durazo-Arvizu et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY