期刊
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES B-STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY
卷 72, 期 -, 页码 111-127出版社
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9868.2009.00728.x
关键词
Bias; Causal inference; Confounding; Directed acyclic graphs; Structural equations
资金
- National Institutes of Health [AI032475]
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES [R37AI032475] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES [R01ES017876] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
Formal rules governing signed edges on causal directed acyclic graphs are described and it is shown how these rules can be useful in reasoning about causality. Specifically, the notions of a monotonic effect, a weak monotonic effect and a signed edge are introduced. Results are developed relating these monotonic effects and signed edges to the sign of the causal effect of an intervention in the presence of intermediate variables. The incorporation of signed edges in the directed acyclic graph causal framework furthermore allows for the development of rules governing the relationship between monotonic effects and the sign of the covariance between two variables. It is shown that when certain assumptions about monotonic effects can be made then these results can be used to draw conclusions about the presence of causal effects even when data are missing on confounding variables.
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