Protective Effect of Anthocyanins against Neurodegenerative Diseases through the Microbial-Intestinal-Brain Axis: A Critical Review

Gut microbiome-modulating properties of a polyphenol-enriched dietary supplement comprised of hibiscus and lemon verbena extracts. Monitoring of phenolic metabolites

(2022) Mariana Silva et al.   Journal of Functional Foods

The Role of the Microbiome-Brain-Gut Axis in the Pathogenesis of Depressive Disorder

(2022) Ewelina Młynarska et al.   Nutrients

The microbiota-gut-brain axis participates in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion by disrupting the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids

(2022) Weiping Xiao et al.   Microbiome

High-Throughput Method for Wide-Coverage and Quantitative Phenolic Fingerprinting in Plant-Origin Foods and Urine Samples

(2022) Raúl González-Domínguez et al.   JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY

Blueberry and cranberry anthocyanin extracts reduce bodyweight and modulate gut microbiota in C57BL/6 J mice fed with a high-fat diet

(2021) Jianhui Liu et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION

Anthocyanins Are Converted into Anthocyanidins and Phenolic Acids and Effectively Absorbed in the Jejunum and Ileum

(2021) Hao Han et al.   JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY

Anthocyanins, Microbiome and Health Benefits in Aging

(2021) Rachel Hair et al.   MOLECULES

Effect of Blueberry Anthocyanin-Rich Extracts on Peripheral and Hippocampal Antioxidant Defensiveness: The Analysis of the Serum Fatty Acid Species and Gut Microbiota Profile

(2021) Xu Si et al.   JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY

Anthocyanin-containing Purple Potatoes Ameliorate DSS-induced Colitis in Mice

(2021) Shiyu Li et al.   JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY

Central nervous system delivery of molecules across the blood-brain barrier

(2021) Fabien Gosselet et al.   NEUROCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL

Microbial transitions from health to disease

(2021) Susan Joseph et al.   PERIODONTOLOGY 2000

SnapShot: The microbiota-gut-brain axis

(2021) Gulistan Agirman et al.   CELL

Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis YB0411 Inhibits Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Pre-adipocytes and Reduces High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice

(2021) Md. Shamim Rahman et al.   JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY

Gut microbiome in adolescent depression

(2021) Santosh Thapa et al.   JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS

Evaluation of Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability of Polyphenols, Anthocyanins, and Their Metabolites

(2021) Rena Shimazu et al.   JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY

Prebiotic effects in vitro of anthocyanins from the fruits of Lycium ruthenicum Murray on gut microbiota compositions of feces from healthy human and patients with inflammatory bowel disease

(2021) Yujia Peng et al.   LWT-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

The Emerging Role of Neural Cell-Derived Exosomes in Intercellular Communication in Health and Neurodegenerative Diseases

(2021) Luyao Huo et al.   Frontiers in Neuroscience

Effect of stabilization malvids anthocyanins on the gut microbiota in mice with oxidative stress

(2021) Fei Zheng et al.   JOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY

Novel Gut Microbiota Patterns Involved in the Attenuation of Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Mouse Colitis Mediated by Glycerol Monolaurate via Inducing Anti-inflammatory Responses

(2021) Qiufen Mo et al.   mBio

The Relationship Between the Gut Microbiome-Immune System-Brain Axis and Major Depressive Disorder

(2021) Jane A. Foster et al.   Frontiers in Neurology

The Main Anthocyanin Monomer from Lycium ruthenicum Murray Fruit Mediates Obesity via Modulating the Gut Microbiota and Improving the Intestinal Barrier

(2021) Peiyun Liu et al.   Foods

11-Keto-β-Boswellic Acid Attenuates Glutamate Release and Kainic Acid-Induced Excitotoxicity in the Rat Hippocampus

(2020) Cheng Wei Lu et al.   PLANTA MEDICA

Blueberry proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins improve metabolic health through a gut microbiota-dependent mechanism in diet-induced obese mice

(2020) Arianne Morissette et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM

Toward Understanding Microbiome-Neuronal Signaling

(2020) K.G. Jameson et al.   MOLECULAR CELL

Metagenome-wide association of gut microbiome features for schizophrenia

(2020) Feng Zhu et al.   Nature Communications

Gut Microbiota, Its Role in Induction of Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology, and Possible Therapeutic Interventions: Special Focus on Anthocyanins

(2020) Muhammad Sohail Khan et al.   Cells

Role of Gut Microbiota in Neuroendocrine Regulation of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism via the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Liver Axis

(2020) Shu-Zhi Wang et al.   Microorganisms

Revisiting the Metabolic Capabilities of Bifidobacterium longum susbp. longum and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis from a Glycoside Hydrolase Perspective

(2020) Guillermo Blanco et al.   Microorganisms

Effects of simulated digestion on black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliot) anthocyanins and intestinal flora

(2020) Wenchen Yu et al.   JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-MYSORE

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) alone or in combination regulate select immune functions of microglia-like cells

(2020) Tyler J. Wenzel et al.   MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE

Exercise Ameliorates Insulin Resistance of Type 2 Diabetes through Motivating Short-Chain Fatty Acid-Mediated Skeletal Muscle Cell Autophagy

(2020) Ling Yang et al.   Biology-Basel

The gut microbiome from patients with schizophrenia modulates the glutamate-glutamine-GABA cycle and schizophrenia-relevant behaviors in mice

(2019) Peng Zheng et al.   Science Advances

Altered Gut Microbiota in Chinese Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

(2019) Bingjie Ma et al.   Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Dysregulation of the gut–brain axis in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

(2019) Mohamed Genedi et al.   CURRENT OPINION IN PSYCHIATRY

Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases

(2019) Charannya Sozheesvari Subhramanyam et al.   SEMINARS IN CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

Bidirectional regulatory potentials of short-chain fatty acids and their G-protein-coupled receptors in autoimmune neuroinflammation

(2019) Jeongho Park et al.   Scientific Reports

Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: New Therapeutic Opportunities

(2019) Caitríona Long-Smith et al.   Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology

The Relationship Between the Serotonin Metabolism, Gut-Microbiota and the Gut-Brain Axis

(2019) Cristina Stasi et al.   CURRENT DRUG METABOLISM

Schizophrenia

(2019) Cara M. Borelli et al.   JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

(2019) John F. Cryan et al.   PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS

Ameliorative effect of purified anthocyanin from Lycium ruthenicum on atherosclerosis in rats through synergistic modulation of the gut microbiota and NF-κB/SREBP-2 pathways

(2019) Yang Luo et al.   Journal of Functional Foods

An examination of data from the American Gut Project reveals that the dominance of the genus Bifidobacterium is associated with the diversity and robustness of the gut microbiota

(2019) Yuqing Feng et al.   MicrobiologyOpen

Gut Microbiota in Bipolar Depression and Its Relationship to Brain Function: An Advanced Exploration

(2019) Qiaoqiao Lu et al.   Frontiers in Psychiatry

Antioxidant and Potentially Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Anthocyanin Fractions from Pomace Obtained from Enzymatically Treated Raspberries

(2019) Urszula Szymanowska et al.   Antioxidants

The Effects and Mechanisms of Cyanidin-3-Glucoside and Its Phenolic Metabolites in Maintaining Intestinal Integrity

(2019) Jijun Tan et al.   Antioxidants

Enteric short‐chain fatty acids promote proliferation of human neural progenitor cells

(2019) Liu L. Yang et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY

Antioxidant activity of high purity blueberry anthocyanins and the effects on human intestinal microbiota

(2019) Li Zhou et al.   LWT-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Anti-fatigue activity of purified anthocyanins prepared from purple passion fruit (P. edulis Sim) epicarp in mice

(2019) Min Hu et al.   Journal of Functional Foods

Neuroprotective effects of fecal microbiota transplantation on MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease mice: Gut microbiota, glial reaction and TLR4/TNF-α signaling pathway

(2018) Meng-Fei Sun et al.   BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY

Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer by black raspberry anthocyanins involved the modulation of gut microbiota and SFRP2 demethylation

(2018) Lili Chen et al.   CARCINOGENESIS

Age-Associated Microbial Dysbiosis Promotes Intestinal Permeability, Systemic Inflammation, and Macrophage Dysfunction

(2018) Netusha Thevaranjan et al.   Cell Host & Microbe

Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic administration in people with Parkinson's disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

(2018) Omid Reza Tamtaji et al.   CLINICAL NUTRITION

Antibiotics-induced modulation of large intestinal microbiota altered aromatic amino acid profile and expression of neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus of piglets

(2018) Kan Gao et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY

Impact of tart cherries polyphenols on the human gut microbiota and phenolic metabolites in vitro and in vivo

(2018) Alba C. Mayta-Apaza et al.   JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY

Anthocyanins Improve Hippocampus-Dependent Memory Function and Prevent Neurodegeneration via JNK/Akt/GSK3β Signaling in LPS-Treated Adult Mice

(2018) Muhammad Sohail Khan et al.   MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY

SLAB51 Probiotic Formulation Activates SIRT1 Pathway Promoting Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects in an AD Mouse Model

(2018) Laura Bonfili et al.   MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY

Metabolism and prebiotics activity of anthocyanins from black rice (Oryza sativa L.) in vitro

(2018) Yongsheng Zhu et al.   PLoS One

Gut microbiota regulates maturation of the adult enteric nervous system via enteric serotonin networks

(2018) Filipe De Vadder et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Antioxidant and prebiotic activity of five peonidin-based anthocyanins extracted from purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)

(2018) Hanju Sun et al.   Scientific Reports

Microglia and Beyond: Innate Immune Cells As Regulators of Brain Development and Behavioral Function

(2018) Kathryn M. Lenz et al.   Frontiers in Immunology

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis and Degradation Mechanisms in Solanaceous Vegetables: A Review

(2018) Ying Liu et al.   Frontiers in Chemistry

Gut microbiota composition in patients with newly diagnosed bipolar disorder and their unaffected first-degree relatives

(2018) Klara Coello et al.   BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY

Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases

(2018) Elena Radi et al.   JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE

Effects of anthocyanins from the fruit of Lycium ruthenicum Murray on intestinal microbiota

(2018) Yamei Yan et al.   Journal of Functional Foods

Gut microbiota modulation accounts for the neuroprotective properties of anthocyanins

(2018) Cláudia Marques et al.   Scientific Reports

Gut microbiota, cognitive frailty and dementia in older individuals: a systematic review

(2018) Andrea Ticinesi et al.   Clinical Interventions in Aging

Glutamate, Glutamate Transporters, and Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders in Neurodegenerative Diseases

(2018) Suifen He et al.   ACS Chemical Neuroscience

Probiotic and selenium co-supplementation, and the effects on clinical, metabolic and genetic status in Alzheimer's disease: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial

(2018) Omid Reza Tamtaji et al.   CLINICAL NUTRITION

Unraveling gut microbiota in Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonism

(2018) Michela Barichella et al.   MOVEMENT DISORDERS

GABA-modulating bacteria of the human gut microbiota

(2018) Philip Strandwitz et al.   Nature Microbiology

Polyphenol content and in vitro evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial and prebiotic properties of red fruit extracts

(2017) Maria Magdalena Coman et al.   EUROPEAN FOOD RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY

Gut reactions: How the blood–brain barrier connects the microbiome and the brain

(2017) Aric F Logsdon et al.   EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

Biotransformation and metabolism of three mulberry anthocyanin monomers by rat gut microflora

(2017) Yao Chen et al.   FOOD CHEMISTRY

The mucosal immune system: master regulator of bidirectional gut–brain communications

(2017) Nick Powell et al.   Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Non-conventional features of peripheral serotonin signalling — the gut and beyond

(2017) Stephanie N. Spohn et al.   Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Vagotomy and Parkinson disease

(2017) Bojing Liu et al.   NEUROLOGY

Kynurenine pathway metabolism and the microbiota-gut-brain axis

(2017) P.J. Kennedy et al.   NEUROPHARMACOLOGY

Black Raspberries and Their Anthocyanin and Fiber Fractions Alter the Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota in F-344 Rats

(2017) Pan Pan et al.   NUTRITION AND CANCER-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL

The role of probiotics in children with autism spectrum disorder: A prospective, open-label study

(2017) Sanaa Y. Shaaban et al.   NUTRITIONAL NEUROSCIENCE

Comparison of the Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Anthocyanin Metabolites, Protocatechuic Acid and 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid

(2017) Aimee N. Winter et al.   Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Secretory Products of the Human GI Tract Microbiome and Their Potential Impact on Alzheimer's Disease (AD): Detection of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in AD Hippocampus

(2017) Yuhai Zhao et al.   Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Microbiota Transfer Therapy alters gut ecosystem and improves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms: an open-label study

(2017) Dae-Wook Kang et al.   Microbiome

Modulation of Gut Microbiota in Pathological States

(2017) Yulan Wang et al.   Engineering

The Specific Roles of Vitamins in the Regulation of Immunosurveillance and Maintenance of Immunologic Homeostasis in the Gut

(2017) Koji Hosomi et al.   Immune Network

Anthocyanins and their gut metabolites reduce the adhesion of monocyte to TNFα-activated endothelial cells at physiologically relevant concentrations

(2016) Irena Krga et al.   ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS

Cyanidin 3- O -β-glucopyranoside activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and alleviates cognitive impairment in the APP swe /PS1 ΔE9 mouse model

(2016) Nan Song et al.   BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR BASIS OF DISEASE

The gut microbiota: A treasure for human health

(2016) Daotong Li et al.   BIOTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES

Cognitive impairment by antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis: Analysis of gut microbiota-brain communication

(2016) Esther E. Fröhlich et al.   BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY

Gut Microbiota Regulate Motor Deficits and Neuroinflammation in a Model of Parkinson’s Disease

(2016) Timothy R. Sampson et al.   CELL

The Modulatory Effect of Anthocyanins from Purple Sweet Potato on Human Intestinal Microbiota in Vitro

(2016) Xin Zhang et al.   JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY

Microbiome: Bacterial broadband

(2016) Michael Eisenstein   NATURE

Type I interferons and microbial metabolites of tryptophan modulate astrocyte activity and central nervous system inflammation via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor

(2016) Veit Rothhammer et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals oral Lactobacillus promotion of increases in brain GABA, N-acetyl aspartate and glutamate

(2016) Rafal Janik et al.   NEUROIMAGE

The microbiota–gut–brain axis and its potential therapeutic role in autism spectrum disorder

(2016) Q. Li et al.   NEUROSCIENCE

Unraveling Anthocyanin Bioavailability for Human Health

(2016) Mary Ann Lila et al.   Annual Review of Food Science and Technology

The Neuro-endocrinological Role of Microbial Glutamate and GABA Signaling

(2016) Roberto Mazzoli et al.   Frontiers in Microbiology

Redox- and non-redox-metal-induced formation of free radicals and their role in human disease

(2015) Marian Valko et al.   ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY

Serotonin, tryptophan metabolism and the brain-gut-microbiome axis

(2015) S.M. O’Mahony et al.   BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH

Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder

(2015) Haiyin Jiang et al.   BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY

Polyphenols-rich fruit in maternal diet modulates inflammatory markers and the gut microbiota and improves colonic expression of ZO-1 in offspring

(2015) Carina Almeida Morais et al.   FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL

Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS

(2015) Daniel Erny et al.   NATURE NEUROSCIENCE

Multiple-approach studies to assess anthocyanin bioavailability

(2015) Iva Fernandes et al.   PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS

In vitro fermentation of anthocyanins encapsulated with cyclodextrins: Release, metabolism and influence on gut microbiota growth

(2015) Gema Flores et al.   Journal of Functional Foods

Intestinal Dysbiosis and Lowered Serum Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein in Parkinson’s Disease

(2015) Satoru Hasegawa et al.   PLoS One

Anthocyanins Protect against Kainic Acid-induced Excitotoxicity and Apoptosis via ROS-activated AMPK Pathway in Hippocampal Neurons

(2014) Ikram Ullah et al.   CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics

Interplay between Anthocyanins and Gut Microbiota

(2014) Ana Faria et al.   JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY

The microbiota regulates neutrophil homeostasis and host resistance to Escherichia coli K1 sepsis in neonatal mice

(2014) Hitesh S Deshmukh et al.   NATURE MEDICINE

Correlation between the human fecal microbiota and depression

(2014) A. Naseribafrouei et al.   NEUROGASTROENTEROLOGY AND MOTILITY

The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice

(2014) V. Braniste et al.   Science Translational Medicine

High levels of Bifidobacteria are associated with increased levels of anthocyanin microbial metabolites: a randomized clinical trial

(2014) María Boto-Ordóñez et al.   Food & Function

Effect of acute and chronic red wine consumption on lipopolysaccharide concentrations

(2013) Mercedes Clemente-Postigo et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION

The Case for Anthocyanin Consumption to Promote Human Health: A Review

(2013) Elisa Pojer et al.   COMPREHENSIVE REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND FOOD SAFETY

Modulation of the inflammatory response in rats chronically treated with the antidepressant agomelatine

(2013) Raffaella Molteni et al.   EUROPEAN NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

Dietary Flavonoids from Modified Apple Reduce Inflammation Markers and Modulate Gut Microbiota in Mice

(2013) Richard V. Espley et al.   JOURNAL OF NUTRITION

Benefits of polyphenols on gut microbiota and implications in human health

(2013) Fernando Cardona et al.   JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY

Age-Associated Remodeling of the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier

(2013) L. Tran et al.   JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES

Kenyan purple tea anthocyanins ability to cross the blood brain barrier and reinforce brain antioxidant capacity in mice

(2013) Khalid Rashid et al.   NUTRITIONAL NEUROSCIENCE

Burden of Depressive Disorders by Country, Sex, Age, and Year: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

(2013) Alize J. Ferrari et al.   PLOS MEDICINE

Brain IL-6 elevation causes neuronal circuitry imbalances and mediates autism-like behaviors

(2012) Hongen Wei et al.   BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR BASIS OF DISEASE

Gut Microbiota Metabolism of Anthocyanin Promotes Reverse Cholesterol Transport in Mice Via Repressing miRNA-10b

(2012) Dongliang Wang et al.   CIRCULATION RESEARCH

Metabolism of Anthocyanins by Human Gut Microflora and Their Influence on Gut Bacterial Growth

(2012) Maria Hidalgo et al.   JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY

γ-Aminobutyric acid production by culturable bacteria from the human intestine

(2012) E. Barrett et al.   JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain

(2012) Stephen M. Collins et al.   NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY

It takes guts to grow a brain

(2011) Betty Diamond et al.   BIOESSAYS

Gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal status in children with autism – comparisons to typical children and correlation with autism severity

(2011) James B Adams et al.   BMC GASTROENTEROLOGY

Colonic Catabolism of Ellagitannins, Ellagic Acid, and Raspberry Anthocyanins: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies

(2011) R. Gonzalez-Barrio et al.   DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION

The anxiolytic effect of Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 involves vagal pathways for gut-brain communication

(2011) P. Bercik et al.   NEUROGASTROENTEROLOGY AND MOTILITY

The microbiome-gut-brain axis: from bowel to behavior

(2011) J. F. Cryan et al.   NEUROGASTROENTEROLOGY AND MOTILITY

Anthocyanins: Natural Colorants with Health-Promoting Properties

(2010) Jian He et al.   Annual Review of Food Science and Technology

The Astrocyte-Derived α7 Nicotinic Receptor Antagonist Kynurenic Acid Controls Extracellular Glutamate Levels in the Prefrontal Cortex

(2009) Hui-Qiu Wu et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE

Principles and clinical implications of the brain–gut–enteric microbiota axis

(2009) Sang H. Rhee et al.   Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Identification of Anthocyanins in the Liver, Eye, and Brain of Blueberry-Fed Pigs

(2008) Wilhelmina Kalt et al.   JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY