Calpain-cleaved Type 1 Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor (InsP3R1) Has InsP3-independent Gating and Disrupts Intracellular Ca2+ Homeostasis

The type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP(3)R1) is a ubiquitous intracellular Ca2+ release channel that is vital to intracellular Ca2+ signaling. InsP(3)R1 is a proteolytic target of calpain, which cleaves the channel to form a 95-kDa carboxyl-terminal fragment that includes the transmembrane domains, which contain the ion pore. However, the functional consequences of calpain proteolysis on channel behavior and Ca2+ homeostasis are unknown. In the present study we have identified a unique calpain cleavage site in InsP(3)R1 and utilized a recombinant truncated form of the channel (capn-InsP(3)R1) corresponding to the stable, carboxyl-terminal fragment to examine the functional consequences of channel proteolysis. Single-channel recordings of capn-InsP3R1 revealed InsP(3)-independent gating and high open probability (P-o) under optimal cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](i)) conditions. However, some [Ca2+](i) regulation of the cleaved channel remained, with a lower P-o in suboptimal and inhibitory [Ca2+](i). Expression of capn-InsP(3)R1 in N2a cells reduced the Ca2+ content of ionomycin-releasable intracellular stores and decreased endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ loading compared with control cells expressing full-length InsP(3)R1. Using a cleavage-specific antibody, we identified calpain-cleaved InsP(3)R1 in selectively vulnerable cerebellar Purkinje neurons after in vivo cardiac arrest. These findings indicate that calpain proteolysis of InsP(3)R1 generates a dys-regulated channel that disrupts cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that calpain cleaves InsP(3)R1 in a clinically relevant injury model, suggesting that Ca2+ leak through the proteolyzed channel may act as a feed-forward mechanism to enhance cell death.