Environmental Risk Factors for Multiple Sclerosis: A Review with a Focus on Molecular Mechanisms

Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis in Canada: A Systematic Review

(2014) Alexandre Y. Poppe et al.   CANADIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES

Vitamin D status predicts new brain magnetic resonance imaging activity in multiple sclerosis

(2012) Ellen M. Mowry et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

The Gulf War era multiple sclerosis cohort: age and incidence rates by race, sex and service

(2012) Mitchell T. Wallin et al.   BRAIN

Vitamin D receptor binding, chromatin states and association with multiple sclerosis

(2012) G. Disanto et al.   HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS

A new prevalence study of multiple sclerosis in Orkney, Shetland and Aberdeen city

(2012) Elizabeth M Visser et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY

Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Prevalence Estimates of Hypovitaminosis D in the U.S. Population Based on Assay-Adjusted Data

(2012) Vijay Ganji et al.   JOURNAL OF NUTRITION

Evidence that the north–south gradient of multiple sclerosis may not have disappeared

(2012) William B. Grant et al.   JOURNAL OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES

The risk of developing multiple sclerosis in individuals seronegative for Epstein-Barr virus: a meta-analysis

(2012) J. Pakpoor et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Intrauterine environment and multiple sclerosis: a population- based case-control study

(2012) Beth A Mueller et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Modelling Genetic Susceptibility to Multiple Sclerosis with Family Data

(2012) Cullen O’Gorman et al.   NEUROEPIDEMIOLOGY

Lack of replication of interaction between EBNA1 IgG and smoking in risk for multiple sclerosis

(2012) E. Sundqvist et al.   NEUROLOGY

Lower serum vitamin D levels are associated with a higher relapse risk in multiple sclerosis

(2012) T. F. Runia et al.   NEUROLOGY

Smoking and Increased Risk of Multiple Sclerosis: Parallel Trends in the Sex Ratio Reinforce the Evidence

(2011) Natalia Palacios et al.   ANNALS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

Rare variants in the CYP27B1 gene are associated with multiple sclerosis

(2011) Sreeram V. Ramagopalan et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies novel multiple sclerosis susceptibility loci

(2011) Nikolaos A. Patsopoulos et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 Revisions to the McDonald criteria

(2011) Chris H. Polman et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Epstein-Barr virus in the multiple sclerosis brain: a controversial issue--report on a focused workshop held in the Centre for Brain Research of the Medical University of Vienna, Austria

(2011) H. Lassmann et al.   BRAIN

Smoking and two human leukocyte antigen genes interact to increase the risk for multiple sclerosis

(2011) Anna Karin Hedström et al.   BRAIN

Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its determinants in Australian adults aged 25 years and older: a national, population-based study

(2011) Robin M. Daly et al.   CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY

Alcohol, coffee, fish, smoking and disease progression in multiple sclerosis

(2011) M. B. D’hooghe et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY

Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: interaction with HLA

(2011) E Sundqvist et al.   GENES AND IMMUNITY

Migration and multiple sclerosis in immigrants to Australia from United Kingdom and Ireland: a reassessment. I. Risk of MS by age at immigration

(2011) J. G. McLeod et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY

Familial recurrence risks for multiple sclerosis in Australia

(2011) C. O'Gorman et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY

Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis

(2011) R. M. Lucas et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY

Latitude is significantly associated with the prevalence of multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis

(2011) S. Simpson et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY

Why does the north–south gradient of incidence of multiple sclerosis seem to have disappeared on the Northern hemisphere?

(2011) Nils Koch-Henriksen et al.   JOURNAL OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES

Oral treatment for multiple sclerosis

(2011) Joep Killestein et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

High frequency of co-infection by Epstein–Barr virus types 1 and 2 in patients with multiple sclerosis

(2011) Almudena Santón et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Sharp increase in the incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Isfahan, Iran

(2011) Masoud Etemadifar et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is associated with increased risk for multiple sclerosis

(2011) AK Hedström et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis

(2011) Stephen Sawcer et al.   NATURE

Smokers with Multiple Sclerosis Are More Likely to Report Comorbid Autoimmune Diseases

(2011) Ruth Ann Marrie et al.   NEUROEPIDEMIOLOGY

Current and past Epstein-Barr virus infection in risk of initial CNS demyelination

(2011) R. M. Lucas et al.   NEUROLOGY

Sun exposure and vitamin D are independent risk factors for CNS demyelination

(2011) R. M. Lucas et al.   NEUROLOGY

Smoking and Multiple Sclerosis: An Updated Meta-Analysis

(2011) Adam E. Handel et al.   PLoS One

Modeling the cumulative genetic risk for multiple sclerosis from genome-wide association data

(2011) Joanne H Wang et al.   Genome Medicine

A REASSESSMENT OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

(2010) John F. Kurtzke   ACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA

Evidence for Polygenic Susceptibility to Multiple Sclerosis—The Shape of Things to Come

(2010)   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS

Smoking, Use of Moist Snuff, and Risk of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

(2010) Cecilia Carlens et al.   AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE

Aggregation of multiple sclerosis genetic risk variants in multiple and single case families

(2010) Pierre-Antoine Gourraud et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Primary effect of 1α,25(OH)2D3 on IL-10 expression in monocytes is short-term down-regulation

(2010) Juha M. Matilainen et al.   BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH

99th Dahlem Conference on Infection, Inflammation and Chronic Inflammatory Disorders: Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: epidemiological evidence

(2010) A. Ascherio et al.   CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY

Relation between Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: analytic study of scientific production

(2010) O. Santiago et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Confirmation of association between multiple sclerosis and CYP27B1

(2010) Emilie Sundqvist et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS

A ChIP-seq defined genome-wide map of vitamin D receptor binding: Associations with disease and evolution

(2010) S. V. Ramagopalan et al.   GENOME RESEARCH

Genome-wide association study of circulating vitamin D levels

(2010) Jiyoung Ahn et al.   HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS

Lifecourse predictors of adult fibrinogen levels: The Newcastle Thousand Families Study

(2010) Mark S. Pearce et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY

Vitamin D and molecular actions on the immune system: modulation of innate and autoimmunity

(2010) Diane L. Kamen et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE-JMM

Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Infection and BAFF Expression in B Cells in the Multiple Sclerosis Brain: Implications for Viral Persistence and Intrathecal B-Cell Activation

(2010) Barbara Serafini et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROPATHOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY

Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: a genome-wide association study

(2010) Thomas J Wang et al.   LANCET

The changing demographic pattern of multiple sclerosis epidemiology

(2010) Nils Koch-Henriksen et al.   LANCET NEUROLOGY

High risk of MS in Iranian immigrants in Gothenburg, Sweden

(2010) C. Ahlgren et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Latitudinal variation in incidence and type of first central nervous system demyelinating events

(2010) Bruce V Taylor et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

MS prevalence in New Zealand, an ethnically and latitudinally diverse country

(2010) Bruce V Taylor et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Combined effects of smoking, anti-EBNA antibodies, and HLA-DRB1*1501 on multiple sclerosis risk

(2010) K. C. Simon et al.   NEUROLOGY

An Updated Meta-Analysis of Risk of Multiple Sclerosis following Infectious Mononucleosis

(2010) Adam E. Handel et al.   PLoS One

Multiple Sclerosis: Association with HL-A3

(2010) S. NAITO et al.   TISSUE ANTIGENS

Change in sex ratio, disease course and age at diagnosis in Oslo MS patients through seven decades

(2009) E. G. Celius et al.   ACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA

Elevated Epstein-Barr virus-encoded nuclear antigen-1 immune responses predict conversion to multiple sclerosis

(2009) Jan D. Lünemann et al.   ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY

Association Study on Two Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Vitamin D Metabolites in Multiple Sclerosis

(2009) Joost Smolders et al.   Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Gene-environment interaction between HLA-DRB1 shared epitope and heavy cigarette smoking in predicting incident rheumatoid arthritis

(2009) E W Karlson et al.   ANNALS OF THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES

Smoking and Disease Progression in Multiple Sclerosis

(2009) Brian C. Healy et al.   ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY

Gene-environment interaction between the DRB1 shared epitope and smoking in the risk of anti-citrullinated protein antibody-positive rheumatoid arthritis: All alleles are important

(2009) Emeli Lundström et al.   ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM

Multiple sclerosis: Geoepidemiology, genetics and the environment

(2009) Ron Milo et al.   AUTOIMMUNITY REVIEWS

The Yin and Yang of vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling in neoplastic progression: Operational networks and tissue-specific growth control

(2009) F.C. Campbell et al.   BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Epstein Barr virus is not a characteristic feature in the central nervous system in established multiple sclerosis

(2009) Laura A. N. Peferoen et al.   BRAIN

Epstein–Barr virus infection is not a characteristic feature of multiple sclerosis brain

(2009) Simon N. Willis et al.   BRAIN

Vitamins E and D3 Attenuate Demyelination and Potentiate Remyelination Processes of Hippocampal Formation of Rats Following Local Injection of Ethidium Bromide

(2009) Mahdi Goudarzvand et al.   CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY

T Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Disease Due to Low-Affinity Crossreactivity to Common Microbial Peptides

(2009) Maria Harkiolaki et al.   IMMUNITY

Antibodies to specific EBNA-1 domains and HLA DRB1⁎1501 interact as risk factors for multiple sclerosis☆

(2009) Peter Sundström et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY

Prevalence of MS in Iranian Immigrants to British Columbia, Canada

(2009) Colleen Guimond et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY

Migration and multiple sclerosis in Alaskan military veterans

(2009) Mitchell T. Wallin et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY

Smoking is associated with progressive disease course and increased progression in clinical disability in a prospective cohort of people with multiple sclerosis

(2009) Fotini Pittas et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY

Cigarette smoking and risk of MS in multiplex families

(2009) Naghmeh Jafari et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Past environmental sun exposure and risk of multiple sclerosis: a role for the Cdx-2 Vitamin D receptor variant in this interaction

(2009) JL Dickinson et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Polymorphisms in vitamin D metabolism related genes and risk of multiple sclerosis

(2009) K. Claire Simon et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Specific interaction between genotype, smoking and autoimmunity to citrullinated α-enolase in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis

(2009) Hiba Mahdi et al.   NATURE GENETICS

Genome-wide association study identifies new multiple sclerosis susceptibility loci on chromosomes 12 and 20

(2009) Melanie Bahlo et al.   NATURE GENETICS

Meta-analysis of genome scans and replication identify CD6, IRF8 and TNFRSF1A as new multiple sclerosis susceptibility loci

(2009) Philip L De Jager et al.   NATURE GENETICS

Risk alleles for multiple sclerosis in multiplex families

(2009) M. J. D'Netto et al.   NEUROLOGY

Tobacco smoking, but not Swedish snuff use, increases the risk of multiple sclerosis

(2009) A. K. Hedstrom et al.   NEUROLOGY

Smoking is associated with increased lesion volumes and brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis

(2009) R. Zivadinov et al.   NEUROLOGY

Expression of the Multiple Sclerosis-Associated MHC Class II Allele HLA-DRB1*1501 Is Regulated by Vitamin D

(2009) Sreeram V. Ramagopalan et al.   PLoS Genetics

Smoking increases peptidylarginine deiminase 2 enzyme expression in human lungs and increases citrullination in BAL cells

(2008) D Makrygiannakis et al.   ANNALS OF THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES

Vitamin D–Dependent Rickets as a Possible Risk Factor for Multiple Sclerosis

(2008) Øivind Torkildsen et al.   ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY

Predicting Clinical Progression in Multiple Sclerosis With the Magnetic Resonance Disease Severity Scale

(2008) Rohit Bakshi et al.   ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY

Strong EBV-specific CD8+ T-cell response in patients with early multiple sclerosis

(2008) Samantha Jilek et al.   BRAIN

Smoke exposure increases the risk for multiple sclerosis

(2008) P. Sundström et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and multiple sclerosis amongst offspring

(2008) S. M. Montgomery et al.   EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY

Cigarette smoke increases Toll-like receptor 4 and modifies lipopolysaccharide-mediated responses in airway epithelial cells

(2008) Elisabetta Pace et al.   IMMUNOLOGY

EBNA1-specific T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis cross react with myelin antigens and co-produce IFN-γ and IL-2

(2008) Jan D. Lünemann et al.   JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

Vitamin D as an immune modulator in multiple sclerosis, a review

(2008) Joost Smolders et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROIMMUNOLOGY

Decreased T cell reactivity to Epstein-Barr virus infected lymphoblastoid cell lines in multiple sclerosis

(2008) M P Pender et al.   JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY

Multiple sclerosis

(2008) Alastair Compston et al.   LANCET

Refining genetic associations in multiple sclerosis

(2008)   LANCET NEUROLOGY

A unifying multiple sclerosis etiology linking virus infection, sunlight, and vitamin D, through viral interleukin-10

(2008) Colleen E. Hayes et al.   MEDICAL HYPOTHESES

Argentine Patagonia: prevalence and clinical features of multiple sclerosis

(2008) MO Melcon et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Increasing prevalence and incidence of multiple sclerosis in northern Japan

(2008) H Houzen et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Chlamydia pneumoniae-specific serum immune complexes in patients with multiple sclerosis

(2008) John Parratt et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

EBNA-1 reactivity and HLA DRB1*1501 as statistically independent risk factors for multiple sclerosis: a case-control study

(2008) P Sundström et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism is associated with reduced disability in multiple sclerosis

(2008) G Mamutse et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Some contributions of the Department of Veterans Affairs to the epidemiology of multiple sclerosis

(2008) JF Kurtzke   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Quantitative PCR for Epstein–Barr virus DNA and RNA in multiple sclerosis

(2008) JW Lindsey et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Human endogenous retrovirus-K18 Env as a risk factor in multiple sclerosis

(2008) AK Tai et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Smoking is a risk factor for early conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis

(2008) F Di Pauli et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Smoking worsens the prognosis in multiple sclerosis

(2008) P Sundström et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

High frequency of adverse health behaviors in multiple sclerosis

(2008) RA Marrie et al.   Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Monthly Ambient Sunlight, Infections and Relapse Rates in Multiple Sclerosis

(2008) Helen Tremlett et al.   NEUROEPIDEMIOLOGY

Vitamin D: A Candidate for the Environmental Effect in Multiple Sclerosis – Observations from Norway

(2008) Margitta T. Kampman et al.   NEUROEPIDEMIOLOGY

Smoking Status over Two Years in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

(2008) Ruth Ann Marrie et al.   NEUROEPIDEMIOLOGY

Integrating risk factors: HLA-DRB1*1501 and Epstein-Barr virus in multiple sclerosis

(2008) P. L. De Jager et al.   NEUROLOGY

BROADENED AND ELEVATED HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE TO EBNA1 IN PEDIATRIC MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

(2008) J. D. Lunemann et al.   NEUROLOGY

B-Cell Depletion with Rituximab in Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

(2008) Stephen L. Hauser et al.   NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE

Unexpected actions of vitamin D: new perspectives on the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity

(2008) John S Adams et al.   Nature clinical practice. Endocrinology & metabolism