Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
F. Robertson, L. E. Revell, H. Douglas, A. T. Archibald, O. Morgenstern, D. Frame
Summary: The year when total column ozone (TCO) returns to 1980 levels is commonly used to measure recovery from ozone-depleting substances. However, this metric fails to account for internal variability and the timing of significant TCO losses. Using the signal-to-noise (S/N) metric, this study investigates how TCO can return to pre-disturbance conditions. The findings suggest that TCO de-emerges before returning to its 1980 value, making S/N a suitable metric for determining TCO recovery.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Pengfei Yu, Robert W. Portmann, Yifeng Peng, Cheng-Cheng Liu, Yunqian Zhu, Elizabeth Asher, Zhixuan Bai, Ye Lu, Jianchun Bian, Michael Mills, Anja Schmidt, Karen H. Rosenlof, Owen B. Toon
Summary: Volcanic and wildfire events between 2014 and 2022 injected 3.2 Tg of sulfur dioxide and 0.8 Tg of smoke aerosols into the stratosphere. The simulated stratospheric lifetime of the injections during this period is 50% longer than previous volcanic injections. These injections resulted in a global mean effective radiative forcing of -0.18 W m(-2), which is 40% of the radiative forcing caused by the Pinatubo eruption. The smoke aerosols from wildfires have a greater negative radiative forcing compared to volcanic sulfate.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
F. Robertson, L. E. Revell, H. Douglas, A. T. Archibald, O. Morgenstern, D. Frame
Summary: Research suggests that the year when total column ozone (TCO) returns to 1980 levels is commonly used as an indicator of recovery from ozone-depleting substances. However, this date is somewhat arbitrary. In this study, the signal-to-noise (S/N) metric from climate change research is used to investigate how TCO might return to pre-ozone hole era levels. The findings show that a return to 1980 levels does not necessarily represent TCO recovery to pre-disturbance conditions, and the S/N ratio is a more appropriate and complementary metric.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2023)
Review
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Adrian F. Tuck
Summary: This article provides a perspective on aircraft emissions in the stratosphere, reflecting on the concerns raised by nitrogen oxides from supersonic airliners 50 years ago. It also reviews the UK COMESA program and its impact on subsequent developments concerning chlorofluoromethanes, the ozone hole, and climate change.
QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Ma Xuan, Wang Lei
Summary: Temperature trends in the upper stratosphere are examined using satellite measurements and simulations from climate models. Observational evidence reveals a lack of cooling in the Antarctic during austral winter over a specific period, while simulations over a longer period also show contrasting temperature trends between the Antarctic and lower latitudes. Further analysis suggests that ozone-depleting substances have contributed significantly to the lack of cooling in the Antarctic upper stratosphere.
ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Christopher M. Maloney, Robert W. Portmann, Martin N. Rossi, Karen H. Rosenlof
Summary: Aerosol emissions from spaceflight activities, particularly the injection of black carbon particles into the stratosphere, have a significant impact on stratospheric temperature, circulation, and ozone levels. These climate responses are directly proportional to the emission rates, indicating the sensitivity of the stratosphere to BC injections.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES
(2022)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Jens-Uwe Grooss, Rolf Mueller
Summary: In the Arctic winter/spring of 2019/2020, due to very stable polar vortex and exceptionally low stratospheric temperatures until early April, significant chemical ozone depletion occurred. Despite a decrease of more than 10% in chlorine and bromine compounds compared to peak values around 2000, unprecedented ozone depletion was caused by meteorological conditions in winter/spring 2019/2020.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES
(2021)
Review
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Wenshou Tian, Jinlong Huang, Jiankai Zhang, Fei Xie, Wuke Wang, Yifeng Peng
Summary: This review summarizes the main advances and new developments in stratosphere-troposphere coupling and stratospheric chemistry-climate interactions. It discusses the challenges of applying stratospheric signals in operational forecast models and the critical role of stratospheric chemistry in global climate change. The review also highlights the importance of considering whole-atmosphere interactions for a better understanding of stratosphere-troposphere coupling and its role in climate change.
ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Jinpeng Lu, Sijia Lou, Xin Huang, Lian Xue, Ke Ding, Tengyu Liu, Yue Ma, Wuke Wang, Aijun Ding
Summary: The HTHH eruption in January 15, 2022, was one of the most explosive volcanic events of the 21st century so far. Satellite-based measurements showed that 0.4 Tg of sulfur dioxide (SO2) was injected into the stratosphere during the eruption. The study investigates the changes in stratospheric chemical compositions one year after the eruption and examines the key processes that affect ozone (O-3) concentrations, including the oxidation of injected SO2 into sulfate and the transport of sulfate aerosols by the Brewer-Dobson circulation.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
K. A. Stone, S. Solomon, D. E. Kinnison, Michael J. Mills
Summary: The ozone holes in 2015 and 2020 reached record sizes in October-December, but still followed a fundamental recovery metric. The delay in early spring ozone depletion is attributed to the decrease in chlorine and bromine. Climate models confirm the observed recovery trends of the ozone hole onset and size.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Zhe Wang, Jiankai Zhang, Tao Wang, Wuhu Feng, Yihang Hu, Xiran Xu
Summary: The factors influencing the size of the Antarctic ozone hole in November are mainly dynamic processes, with weaker ozone transport related to planetary wave divergence in the stratosphere. Anomalously large ozone holes in November are not always preceded by large holes in late winter, and processes for large and small holes are generally opposite.
JOURNAL OF CLIMATE
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Chen Yu, Tengyu Liu, Dafeng Ge, Wei Nie, Xuguang Chi, Aijun Ding
Summary: Multiphase oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) by ozone (O3) in alkaline sea salt aerosols is a significant source of sulfate aerosols in the marine atmosphere. However, the low pH of fresh supermicron sea spray aerosols challenges the importance of this mechanism. This study investigates the impact of ionic strength on the kinetics of the multiphase oxidation of SO2 by O3 in acidified sea salt aerosols and finds that high ionic strength conditions significantly enhance the sulfate formation rate.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Jinli Xu, Huifan Deng, Yiqun Wang, Pan Li, Jianqiang Zeng, Hongwei Pang, Xin Xu, Xue Li, Yan Yang, Sasho Gligorovski
Summary: Human daily activities such as cooking and cleaning can affect indoor air quality by emitting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and forming secondary compounds through reactions with ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radicals (OH). However, our understanding of the formation processes of secondary VOCs is still limited. In this study, we measured the primary VOCs emitted by a commercial floor-cleaning detergent and the secondary compounds formed by the reaction of O3 with the detergent using high-resolution mass spectrometry. We also developed reaction mechanisms to describe the formation of these secondary VOCs.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Clarissa Alicia Kroll, Sally Dacie, Alon Azoulay, Hauke Schmidt, Claudia Timmreck
Summary: Increasing the temperature of the tropical cold-point region through heating by volcanic aerosols leads to increases in the entry value of stratospheric water vapor (SWV) and subsequent changes in the atmospheric energy budget. Analyzing different strengths of tropical volcanic eruptions with sulfur injections, it was found that the aerosol profile shape also plays a role in the SWV increases.
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
N. A. Davis, D. Visioni, R. R. Garcia, D. E. Kinnison, D. R. Marsh, M. Mills, J. H. Richter, S. Tilmes, C. G. Bardeen, A. Gettelman, A. A. Glanville, D. G. Macmartin, A. K. Smith, F. Vitt
Summary: Simulating the dynamics, chemistry, and physics of the entire atmosphere is computationally expensive. Simplified chemistry configurations can reliably simulate the whole atmosphere with reduced computational resources, except for cases requiring an accurate representation of tropospheric organic chemistry and secondary organic aerosols.
JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Freya Addison, Thomas Dally, Elizabeth J. Duncan, James Rouse, William L. Evans, Christopher Hassall, Ryan R. Neely
Summary: In this study, electromagnetic modelling was used to investigate the radar cross section (RCS) of a volant animal. High-resolution modelling of insects was found to have advantages over previous ellipsoidal models, and the composition of wings and separation of body, wings, legs, and antennae were found to impact the RCS of the specimen.
Article
Ecology
Maryna Lukach, Thomas Dally, William Evans, Christopher Hassall, Elizabeth J. Duncan, Lindsay Bennett, Freya I. Addison, William E. Kunin, Jason W. Chapman, Ryan R. Neely
Summary: Contemporary analyses of insect population trends are hindered by the lack of consistent and high-resolution monitoring methods. This study explores the use of X-band weather surveillance radar to monitor local insect populations and successfully differentiates biological scatterers from hydrometeors. The results demonstrate a link between the abundance and diversity of radar-based bioscatterer clusters and nocturnal aerial insects, highlighting the potential utility of this approach for landscape scale monitoring of biodiversity.
REMOTE SENSING IN ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION
(2022)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Guang Zeng, Olaf Morgenstern, Jonny H. T. Williams, Fiona M. O'Connor, Paul T. Griffiths, James Keeble, Makoto Deushi, Larry W. Horowitz, Vaishali Naik, Louisa K. Emmons, N. Luke Abraham, Alexander T. Archibald, Susanne E. Bauer, Birgit Hassler, Martine Michou, Michael J. Mills, Lee T. Murray, Naga Oshima, Lori T. Sentman, Simone Tilmes, Kostas Tsigaridis, Paul J. Young
Summary: This study quantifies the impacts of halogenated ozone-depleting substances, greenhouse gases, and short-lived ozone precursors on ozone changes. The results show that while ozone loss due to ODSs dominates stratospheric ozone changes, increases in short-lived ozone precursors and methane contribute increasingly to total column ozone changes. The multi-model mean results indicate a clear change in stratospheric ozone trends after 2000 due to declining ODSs.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Patricia DeRepentigny, Alexandra Jahn, Marika M. Holland, Jennifer E. Kay, John Fasullo, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Simone Tilmes, Cecile Hannay, Michael J. Mills, David A. Bailey, Andrew P. Barrett
Summary: This study finds that decadal variability in Arctic sea ice is strongly influenced by boreal biomass burning (BB) emissions, and the acceleration of sea ice decline can be attributed to increased variability in BB emissions through summertime aerosol-cloud interactions. Furthermore, it is discovered that more than half of the improvement in sea ice sensitivity to CO2 emissions and global warming from CMIP5 to CMIP6 can be attributed to increased variability in BB emissions, at least in the CESM model.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Jiang Zhu, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Rolando Garcia, Esther C. Brady, Mike Mills, Douglas Kinnison, Jean-Francois Lamarque
Summary: This study uses coupled LGM simulations to investigate the impact of stratospheric dynamics and chemistry on Last Glacial Maximum climate, and finds that it has little direct effect on glacial-interglacial climate change.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Olaf Morgenstern, Douglas E. Kinnison, Michael Mills, Martine Michou, Larry W. Horowitz, Pu Lin, Makoto Deushi, Kohei Yoshida, Fiona M. O'Connor, Yongming Tang, N. Luke Abraham, James Keeble, Fraser Dennison, Eugene Rozanov, Tatiana Egorova, Timofei Sukhodolov, Guang Zeng
Summary: Using nine chemistry-climate and eight associated no-chemistry models, this study examines the persistence and timing of cold episodes in the Arctic and Antarctic stratosphere from 1980 to 2014. The results show systematic differences in behavior between the chemistry and no-chemistry models, with the chemistry models exhibiting longer and earlier cold episodes compared to the lowest temperatures. Furthermore, the chemistry models often experience delayed lowest temperature occurrence by 1-3 weeks. The study highlights the need to retune chemistry-climate models compared to their no-chemistry counterparts.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES
(2022)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Chloe Yuchao Gao, Vaishali Naik, Larry W. Horowitz, Paul Ginoux, Fabien Paulot, John Dunne, Michael Mills, Valentina Aquila, Peter Colarco
Summary: This study modified the atmospheric component of the GFDL Earth System Model to simulate stratospheric sulfate aerosols and investigate the impact of volcanic eruptions. The results showed that the simulated stratospheric sulfate mass burden and aerosol optical depth are sensitive to injection height, emission amount, and aerosol size. The optimal combination of parameters depends on the observational metric used for evaluation.
JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Pengfei Yu, Robert W. Portmann, Yifeng Peng, Cheng-Cheng Liu, Yunqian Zhu, Elizabeth Asher, Zhixuan Bai, Ye Lu, Jianchun Bian, Michael Mills, Anja Schmidt, Karen H. Rosenlof, Owen B. Toon
Summary: Volcanic and wildfire events between 2014 and 2022 injected 3.2 Tg of sulfur dioxide and 0.8 Tg of smoke aerosols into the stratosphere. The simulated stratospheric lifetime of the injections during this period is 50% longer than previous volcanic injections. These injections resulted in a global mean effective radiative forcing of -0.18 W m(-2), which is 40% of the radiative forcing caused by the Pinatubo eruption. The smoke aerosols from wildfires have a greater negative radiative forcing compared to volcanic sulfate.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2023)
Review
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Laura A. Mansfield, Aman Gupta, Adam C. Burnett, Brian Green, Catherine Wilka, Aditi Sheshadri
Summary: The climate model hierarchy includes models of varying complexity, from idealized models that describe isolated mechanisms to fully coupled Earth system models that provide climate projections. Recent developments in the field include the increased use of machine learning in climate modeling and the use of climate models to estimate risks and influence decision making under climate change. This article discusses the implications of these growing areas of research and how they are expected to be integrated into the model hierarchies framework.
JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
N. A. Davis, D. Visioni, R. R. Garcia, D. E. Kinnison, D. R. Marsh, M. Mills, J. H. Richter, S. Tilmes, C. G. Bardeen, A. Gettelman, A. A. Glanville, D. G. Macmartin, A. K. Smith, F. Vitt
Summary: Simulating the dynamics, chemistry, and physics of the entire atmosphere is computationally expensive. Simplified chemistry configurations can reliably simulate the whole atmosphere with reduced computational resources, except for cases requiring an accurate representation of tropospheric organic chemistry and secondary organic aerosols.
JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Michael Weimer, Douglas E. Kinnison, Catherine Wilka, Susan Solomon
Summary: Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) have a significant impact on the polar chemistry of the stratosphere. The study evaluates the probability density functions of various gaseous species in the polar vortex using a model and compares them with measurements. The results suggest reducing the NAT number density in the model for better agreement with observations.
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Yangxin Chen, Duoying Ji, Qian Zhang, John C. Moore, Olivier Boucher, Andy Jones, Thibaut Lurton, Michael J. Mills, Ulrike Niemeier, Roland Seferian, Simone Tilmes
Summary: The northern-high-latitude permafrost contains a significant amount of carbon and is considered a non-linear and tipping element in the earth's climate system. Solar geoengineering can mitigate temperature rise and reduce climate impacts, potentially moderating permafrost thaw. However, it cannot fully restore permafrost states from high-emission levels to moderate-mitigation levels.
EARTH SYSTEM DYNAMICS
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Yunqian Zhu, Charles G. Bardeen, Simone Tilmes, Michael J. Mills, Xinyue Wang, V. Lynn Harvey, Ghassan Taha, Douglas Kinnison, Robert W. Portmann, Pengfei Yu, Karen H. Rosenlof, Melody Avery, Corinna Kloss, Can Li, Anne S. Glanville, Luis Millan, Terry Deshler, Nickolay Krotkov, Owen B. Toon
Summary: The January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano injected a significant amount of water into the stratosphere, which resulted in large perturbations to stratospheric aerosol evolution. The eruption is expected to continue impacting the climate system by increasing aerosol surface area and water vapor until at least October 2022.
COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Lauren R. Marshall, Elena C. Maters, Anja Schmidt, Claudia Timmreck, Alan Robock, Matthew Toohey
Summary: Volcanic eruptions have been extensively studied for their climatic effects, but uncertainties still remain regarding the evolution of volcanic aerosol cloud and regional impacts. Recent advances in satellite measurements, proxy reconstructions, and aerosol-climate modeling have provided new insights. Future research should focus on co-emissions, tropical hydroclimate, Northern Hemisphere winter climate, and long-term climate change. Improved observation of large-magnitude explosive eruptions will be crucial for filling knowledge gaps.
BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Daniele Visioni, Simone Tilmes, Charles Bardeen, Michael Mills, Douglas G. MacMartin, Ben Kravitz, Jadwiga H. Richter
Summary: Simulating complex aerosol microphysical processes in Earth system models can be computationally intensive. Many models use a modal approach which simplifies aerosol size distributions and assumes internal mixing between different aerosol species. While this approach generally yields satisfactory results, there are cases where the simplifications may lead to incorrect answers. This study shows specific conditions under which the current approximations used in some modal approaches may be inaccurate.
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2022)