Journal
JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES
Volume 51, Issue 2, Pages 446-453Publisher
WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC
DOI: 10.7589/2014-06-152
Keywords
Enhydra lutris; Enhydra lutris papillomavirus 1 (ElPV-1); next-generation sequencing; oral papillomatosis; papillomavirus; papillomaviral immunohistochemistry; sea otter; viral metagenomics
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The southern sea otter (Enhydralutris nereis) is a threatened marine sentinel. During postmortem investigations of stranded sea otters from 2004 to 2013 in California, US, papillomas were detected in the oral cavity of at least seven otters via necropsy and histopathology. Next-generation sequencing of viral particles purified from a single papilloma revealed a novel papillomavirus, Enhydra lutris papillomavirus 1 (ElPV-1). The genome of ElPV-1 was obtained, representing the first fully sequenced viral genome from southern sea otters. Phylogenetic analysis of the entire L1 gene, as well as a concatenated protein identities plot of all papillomaviral genes revealed that ElPV-1 is a X-papillomavirus, related to a raccoon papillomavirus (Procyon lotor papillomavirus type 1) and a canine oral papillomavirus. Immunohistochemical staining, using a cross-reactive bovine papillomavirus antibody, suggested that ElPV-1 is present in intranuclear inclusions and intracytoplasmic keratin granules. Virus-infected cells were scattered throughout the stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum of the gingival and buccal papillomas. Using ElPV-1 specific PCR, we confirmed viral DNA in oral papillomas from all seven stranded sea otters, with identical Li sequences. This virus is associated with the development of oral papillomatosis in southern sea otters.
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