Seasonal versus transient snow and the elevation dependence of climate sensitivity in maritime mountainous regions

In maritime mountainous regions, the phase of winter precipitation is elevation dependent, and in watersheds receiving both rain and snow, hydrologic impacts of climate change are less straightforward than in snowmelt-dominated systems. Here, 29 Pacific Northwest watersheds illustrate how distribution of seasonal snow, transient snow, and winter rain mediates sensitivity to 20th century warming. Watersheds with >50% of their area in the seasonal snow zone had significant (alpha <= 0.1) trends towards greater winter and lower summer discharge, while lower elevations had no consistent trends. In seasonal snow-dominated watersheds, runoff occurs 22-27 days earlier and minimum flows are 5-9% lower than in 1962, based on Sen's slope over the period. Trends in peak streamflow depend on whether watershed area susceptible to rain-on-snow events is increasing or decreasing. Delineation of elevation-dependent snow zones identifies climate sensitivity of maritime mountainous watersheds and enables planning for water and ecosystem impacts of climate change. Citation: Jefferson, A. J. (2011), Seasonal versus transient snow and the elevation dependence of climate sensitivity in maritime mountainous regions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L16402, doi: 10.1029/2011GL048346.