Ventilation changes in intermediate water on millennial time scales in the SE Nordic seas, 65-14 kyr BP

A glacial epibenthic delta C-13 record from 773 m water depth in the SE Nordic seas reveals moderate, but distinct changes in the ventilation similar to 65,000-14,000 years ago. The Last Glacial Maximum, the warm interstadials, and the shorter stadials are characterized by high delta C-13 values indicating well-ventilated intermediate water masses in the Nordic seas. Decreasing delta C-13 values during the cold Heinrich events signify a reduction in intermediate water ventilation. We attribute the reduction to the development of a halocline causing a stop in convection and outflow from the Nordic seas. The well-ventilated outflow water is replaced by warmer Atlantic water, which due to the stratification is isolated from the atmosphere. Its initial high delta C-13 values are reduced due to 'ageing'. We ascribe the lack of response in the subsurface Atlantic Water during the stadials to the smaller geographical extent of these events as compared to the Heinrich events. Citation: Rasmussen, T. L., and E. Thomsen (2009), Ventilation changes in intermediate water on millennial time scales in the SE Nordic seas, 65-14 kyr BP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L01601, doi: 10.1029/2008GL036563.