Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Donghai Du, Kai Sun, Gary S. Was
Summary: The study showed that neutron irradiation affects the stress corrosion crack initiation of 304L stainless steel, but the dependency on dose is slight. Grain boundary oxidation was observed prior to crack initiation, with cracks predominantly initiating at DC-GB intersections.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Germain Boissonnet, Ewa Rzad, Romain Troncy, Tomasz Dudziak, Fernando Pedraza
Summary: New types of ceramic coatings based on SiO2-Na2O-B2O3-TiO2 oxide phases were studied for protection of boiler steel in power generation systems. Low-alloyed Cr-Mo 16Mo3 steel was coated with different compositions of enamel coatings to evaluate their protective potential in high temperature water vapor. Oxidation kinetics at 650 degrees C for 50 h in Ar + water vapor were analyzed using a TGA apparatus. Results showed that the ceramic coatings provided a high level of protection for steel exposed to these conditions compared to uncoated 16Mo3 steel. Although cracks were observed in the coatings, no spallation from the steel surface was detected. Interconnected porosity in the coatings is believed to contribute to interfacial degradation.
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Zuozhao Zhai, Yuxuan Zheng, Tianmin Du, Zhaoshun Tian, Bin Ren, Yuelong Xu, Shasha Wang, Lihui Zhang, Zhenfa Liu
Summary: Carbon aerogels prepared from starch exhibit high specific surface area and unique pore structure, showing promising potential for applications in supercapacitors and oil-water separation.
CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yiliang Lu, Zheng Chen, Cheng Wang, Qingqing Zhao, Kai Zhang, Yao Du, Li Xin, Shenglong Zhu, Fuhui Wang
Summary: A nano-modified silicone-based composite coating was developed to protect 304 stainless steel under cyclically alternate corrosion conditions. The coating consists of a continuous amorphous SiO2 matrix, dispersive Al, Al2O3, TiO2 and ZrO2 particles, and discrete voids, which significantly improved the corrosion resistance of 304SS in environments containing NaCl deposit and oxygen at 400 degrees Celsius.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jing Ma, Ning Wen, Ruiyang Wang, Jiangang Wang, Xin Zhang, Jianhui Li, Yiqing Chen
Summary: In this study, mullite films with different layers were successfully prepared on the surface of AISI 304 stainless steel by the sol-gel method and the sintering process. It was found that the Al1.4Si0.3O2.7 mullite film significantly improved the high-temperature oxidation resistance of stainless steel, with the three-layer mullite film sample exhibiting the best resistance. The formation of a chromium oxide layer at the interface during sintering promoted the generation of selective Cr2O3 scale, leading to excellent high-temperature oxidation resistance in the sample with three layers.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Georg Gaiser, Peter Presoly, Christian Bernhard
Summary: The oxidation behavior of an unalloyed steel was investigated using thermogravimetric and metallographic analysis. The experimental parameters were found to have an influence on high-temperature oxidation, and an evaluation method was introduced to obtain direct kinetic data for scale growth.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Dongxu Chen, Mengnan Liu, Xiahe Liu, Yanwen Zhou, Xiang Wang, Yangtao Zhou
Summary: Plasma nitriding significantly changed the oxidation behavior of 304 SS in high temperature and pressurized water. The nitriding time also had a notable effect on oxidation behavior, mainly due to changes in pH value near the nitriding layer.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yuxin Li, Jinhao Nie, Zhiguo Liang, Peikang Bai, Yixin Yang, Bowen Chen, Siyuan Liu, Qingfeng Guan, Jie Cai
Summary: A FeCrAlNbNi alloyed zone was prepared on the surface of 304 stainless steel through laser surface alloying to improve its high-temperature oxidation performance. The microstructure of the AZ mainly consisted of equiaxed dendrites with Nb element segregating in the interdendritic region. Isothermal oxidation experiments showed that the AZ had a lower oxidation rate and better resistance than the substrate, forming a stable and dense Al2O3 oxide layer on its surface.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Menglei Jiang, Hui Liu, Siyi Qiu, Shiling Min, Yanlin Gu, Wengjun Kuang, Juan Hou
Summary: The microstructure and corrosion performance of LPBF and TM 304 L SS after 2 MeV proton irradiation at 360 degrees C were investigated. Irradiation-induced dislocation loops were observed in both LPBF and TM 304 L SS. A comparison analysis of the oxide scales formed on proton irradiated LPBF and TM 304 L SS revealed that the oxide film thickness of TM 304 L SS is approximately twice that of the LPBF 304 L SS due to the irradiation-induced defects.
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Minghua Su, Jianhua Zhao, Zenghui Tian, Cheng Gu
Summary: The oxidation behavior and microstructure evolution of 304 stainless steel at 900-1200℃ in N-2-21 vol%O-2 were investigated. The results show that the oxide scale formed at higher temperatures has a unique morphology consisting of different phases and layers.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Arphaphon Chanpirak, Hamid Hashemi, Flemming J. Frandsen, Hao Wu, Peter Glarborg, Paul Marshall
Summary: In this study, the chemical coupling between moist CO oxidation and transformation of gaseous potassium salts in the presence or absence of SO2 was investigated. Experimental results showed that both KCl and KOH inhibited CO oxidation, but the inhibiting effect was reduced by the addition of SO2. The degree of sulfation of KCl and KOH by SO2 was evaluated, and it was found that KCl was only sulfated to a small degree while KOH was fully sulfated according to the results.
Article
Crystallography
Keping Wang, Liya Guo, Tengshi Liu, Ali Huang, Yangyang Zhao, Wurong Wang, Jingguang Peng
Summary: The effect of Cu addition on the corrosion behavior of 304 austenitic stainless steel was studied through various tests and analyses. The results showed that 304Cu exhibited higher corrosion resistance than 304 in a NaCl solution, but the beneficial effect of Cu diminished after prolonged exposure. Both penetrating and non-penetrating corrosion pits were observed on both steel types after immersion in a FeCl3 solution, but the corrosion rates of 304Cu were much higher. Cu and Cu2+ were the main forms of Cu in the as-received 304Cu, and Cu+ formed during corrosion in chloride solutions. The study highlights the importance of considering the corrosion resistance of steel in aggressive environments for long-term exposure.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
X. C. Cai, S. J. Ding, S. B. Jin, L. D. Xu, G. Y. Liu, B. R. Sun, T. D. Shen
Summary: The NC-304 austenitic stainless steel with low Si content shows superior high-temperature oxidation resistance compared to steels with excessive Si addition. The unique nanocrystalline microstructure and distribution feature of Si in NC-304 accelerate the formation of a continuous SiO2 healing layer, effectively reducing the oxidation rate at least up to 1000 degrees C.
SCRIPTA MATERIALIA
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Hui Liu, Shiling Min, Menglei Jiang, Siyi Qiu, Wenjun Kuang, Zhuoer Chen, Juan Hou
Summary: The corrosion performance of irradiated 304 L processed by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) in simulated primary water of pressurized water reactor was investigated. The oxide scales formed on He+ irradiated and unirradiated LPBF 304 L were compared between as-built and solution-annealed samples along with a conventionally rolled irradiated counterpart. The effects of different processing statuses on oxide scale formation and their influencing factors were analyzed.
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Menghao Liu, Zhuoyan Ni, Cuiwei Du, Zhiyong Liu, Meihui Sun, Endian Fan, Qiuyu Wang, Xiaojia Yang, Xiaogang Li
Summary: The investigation revealed that the failure of a heavily cracked geothermal water convection tube was caused by stress corrosion cracking induced by chloride in the service environment and sensitization of the matrix. Additionally, residual stress arising from the manufacturing process also promoted the failure process.
ENGINEERING FAILURE ANALYSIS
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Christoffer Sevonius, Patrik Yrjas, Daniel Lindberg, Leena Hupa
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Juho Lehmusto, Mohammad Sattari, Mats Halvarsson, Leena Hupa
Summary: The role of two oxygen sources, oxygen and water vapor, in the initiation of KCl-induced high-temperature corrosion was studied at 550°C. Results showed that water was more involved in the corrosion reactions than oxygen, with 18O being the main oxygen isotope found in the formed surface oxides and intermediates. Solid-solid reaction between KCl(s) and the protective oxide on the alloy surface appeared to be more responsible for corrosion than the gas-solid reaction between KCl(g) and the protective oxide.
Article
Thermodynamics
Jonne Niemi, Markus Engblom, Tor Lauren, Patrik Yrjas, Juho Lehmusto, Mikko Hupa, Daniel Lindberg
Summary: The study focuses on the evolution of ash deposit chemistry of biomass fuels under high temperature conditions, revealing how the melting behavior of alkali salt-rich deposits influences the chemistry and morphology of the deposits. The vaporization-condensation mechanism leads to the enrichment of alkali chlorides within the deposits, accelerating the corrosion process on steel surfaces.
Article
Thermodynamics
Roland Balint, Markus Engblom, Jonne Niemi, Daniel Silva da Costa, Daniel Lindberg, Patrik Yrjas, Leena Hupa, Mikko Hupa
Summary: This study analyzed cross-sections of kraft recovery boiler superheater deposits using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The findings revealed time-dependent processes induced by temperature gradients that affect deposit morphology, with these processes being identified for the first time in actual boiler superheater deposits.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Chunguang Zhou, Patrik Yrjas, Klas Engvall
Summary: This study investigates the calcination behaviors and mechanisms of dolomite under different H2O and CO2 partial pressures. It was found that under dry thermal conditions, CO2 delays dolomite calcination independently of its partial pressure, while in an H2O atmosphere, calcination may start at a low temperature due to water adsorption.
FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Juho Lehmusto, Anton V. Ievlev, Ercan Cakmak, James R. Keiser, Bruce A. Pint
Summary: The study found that in high-temperature and high-pressure sCO(2) environments, the addition of Ti can result in thicker oxide formation, while the addition of Al can reduce oxide thickness. In some cases, the synergistic effect of Al and Ti can lead to the formation of an even thicker oxide.
OXIDATION OF METALS
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Emil Vainio, Kyosti Vanska, Tor Lauren, Patrik Yrjas, Edgardo Coda Zabetta, Mikko Hupa, Leena Hupa
Summary: Research on a circulating fluidized bed boiler burning high sulfur and high chlorine coal showed that adding limestone can mitigate corrosion risk, and boiler load and operational parameters have a significant impact on deposit composition and expected corrosion risk.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Nina Bruun, Juho Lehmusto, Jarl Hemming, Fiseha Tesfaye, Leena Hupa
Summary: Used cooking oils (UCOs) have potential as renewable fuels for maritime shipping. This study investigated the corrosion of steels and copper exposed to UCOs and found that mixing different UCOs and adding inhibitors can reduce the corrosive properties.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Siim Link, Patrik Yrjas, Daniel Lindberg, Andres Trikkel
Summary: This study investigated the ash melting behavior of a blend of reed and wheat straw using various laboratory methods. The results showed that the melting started at 660-680 degrees C and the liquid mass fraction was 13.8% at this temperature, indicating the blend could become sticky. Intensive melting occurred in the temperature range of 800-980 degrees C, with rapid melting between 950 and 980 degrees C caused by the melting of SiO2 and K2MgSi5O12.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jan-Erik Eriksson, Maria Zevenhoven, Patrik Yrjas, Anders Brink, Leena Hupa
Summary: This study discusses the potential corrosion of boiler materials in chemical-looping combustion (CLC) of biomass. The results suggest that potassium-contaminated ilmenite may lead to minor corrosion of all studied materials under oxidizing conditions, while ferritic steels are prone to corrosion under reducing fuel reactor conditions in the presence of HCl and with KCl deposit. Austenitic and nickel-based alloys did not corrode under the test conditions.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Siim Link, Patrik Yrjas, Daniel Lindberg, Andres Trikkel, Valdek Mikli
Summary: This study investigated the melting behavior of fuel ash blends of reed, pine wood pellets and Douglas fir wood chips. Various methods were used to examine the morphology and composition of the ash samples at different temperatures. The results revealed different reactions and gas releases during the melting process.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Nina Bruun, Juho Lehmusto, Fiseha Tesfaye, Jarl Hemming, Leena Hupa
Summary: This study tested various amino acids as eco-friendly inhibitors for reducing corrosion of mild steel caused by used cooking oils. The results showed that all tested amino acids decreased the concentration of dissolved iron in the oils, with cationic amino acids L-lycine and L-arginine showing good corrosion inhibition properties at low concentrations.
Article
Nuclear Science & Technology
Juho Lehmusto, J. Matthew Kurley III, Ercan Cakmak, James R. Keiser, Daniel Lindberg, Markus Engblom, Bruce A. Pint, Stephen S. Raiman
Summary: A new apparatus was developed to cool molten salts rapidly using liquid argon, preventing contamination during quenching and allowing for investigations into their liquid structure. The applicability of this apparatus was tested by melting various industrially relevant chloride salt compositions, rapidly solidifying them, and characterizing the resulting materials. The experimental results verified that the apparatus is suitable for quick quenching of molten salts. Additionally, the structural design of the apparatus ensured that the rapidly quenched salts were protected from exposure to impurities. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed differences in the structure of salt specimens cooled with and without liquid argon, suggesting that rapid cooling deviated from the expected stoichiometric equilibrium. The chemical state of metallic impurities, which is of particular interest, can be explored using electron paramagnetic resonance.
NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Elisa Hupa, Emil Vainio, Patrik Yrjas, Markus Engblom, Mikko Hupa
Summary: In biomass combustion, the presence of alkali chlorides lowers the ash deposit melting temperature and can cause aggressive corrosion of superheater materials. This study investigated the impact of different percentages of molten phase on the corrosion of two stainless steel qualities (AISI 347 and 310) and found significant differences in corrosion tendencies depending on the molten phase percentage.
Correction
Chemistry, Applied
Jia Liu, Juntong Dong, Xiaodan Li, Teng Xu, Zhenguo Li, Jeffrey Dankwa Ampah, Mubasher Ikram, Shihai Zhang, Chao Jin, Zhenlong Geng, Tianyun Sun, Haifeng Liu
FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Seba Alareeqi, Daniel Bahamon, Kyriaki Polychronopoulou, Lourdes F. Vega
Summary: This study explores the potential application of single-atom-alloy (SAA) catalysts in bio-oils hydrodeoxygenation refining using density functional theory (DFT) and microkinetic modeling. It establishes the relationships between stability, adsorptive properties, and activity structures for bio-oil derivatives, providing guidance for the synthesis of cost-effective SAA combinations.
FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Bin Hu, Wen -Ming Zhang, Xue-Wen Guo, Ji Liu, Xiao Yang, Qiang Lu
Summary: This study explored the pyrolysis behaviors and mechanisms of different monosaccharides, including arabinose, galactose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid. The roles of structural differences in these monosaccharides were analyzed, and it was found that glucuronic acid undergoes a special C-C bond breaking reaction during pyrolysis. The findings provide a deep understanding of the pyrolysis chemistry of hemicellulose and the role of different branches.
FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Review
Chemistry, Applied
Youwei Zhi, Donghai Xu, Guanyu Jiang, Wanpeng Yang, Zhilin Chen, Peigao Duan, Jie Zhang
Summary: Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is an effective method for the harmless disposal of municipal sludge (MS) and offers potential applications for the obtained products. Optimizing reaction conditions, coupling with other waste materials, and combining different processes can improve the performance of HTC. Furthermore, HTC contributes to energy recovery and enhances the quality of life cycle assessment.
FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Jia Wang, Jianchun Jiang, Dongxian Li, Xianzhi Meng, Arthur J. Ragauskas
Summary: This study presents a scalable process for converting holocellulose and cellulosic wastes into advanced oxygen-containing biofuels with high furan, cyclic ketone, and ethanol content. By combining hydropyrolysis and vapor-phase hydrodeoxygenation using Pd/Al2O3 as a catalyst, the researchers achieved high yields and conversions. The integrated process holds great promise for biomass waste conversion into advanced biofuels.
FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Florian Held, Jannis Reusch, Steffen Salenbauch, Christian Hasse
Summary: The accurate prediction and assessment of soot emissions in internal combustion engines are crucial for the development of sustainable powertrains. This study presents a detailed quadrature-based method of moments (QMOM) soot model coupled with a state-of-the-art flow solver for the simulation of gasoline engines. The model accurately describes the entire cause-and-effect chain of soot formation, growth and oxidation. Experimental validation and engine cycle simulations are used to identify the root cause of observed soot formation hotspots.
FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2024)