Article
Environmental Studies
Robert Goodspeed, Ruoshui Liu, Dimitrios Gounaridis, Camilla Lizundia, Joshua Newell
Summary: The article introduces a spatial multi-criteria analysis method for green infrastructure planning, demonstrated at regional scale in Southeast Michigan. Despite limitations, the spatial planning approach strikes an appropriate balance between technical rigor and transparency according to the authors.
ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING B-URBAN ANALYTICS AND CITY SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Forestry
L. Ancillotto, A. Palmieri, C. Canfora, C. Nastasi, L. Bosso, D. Russo
Summary: The study on brown long-eared bats in a beech-dominated forest landscape in central Italy revealed their preference for high forest stands and the impact of landscape features on their commuting and foraging behavior. Overall, the results suggest the importance of high forest in conservation efforts and the long-lasting effects of previous forest management on forest-specialist taxa.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Article
Economics
Ranjit Bawa, Puneet Dwivedi, Nahal Hoghooghi, Latif Kalin, Yu -Kai Huang
Summary: This study combines information on nutrient output and local profits from different crop types to devise a profit maximization problem subject to dynamic water quality constraints. The goal is to find the optimal allocation of land parcels that maximizes landowner profits. The results show that considering water quality constraints can lead to a significant reduction in overall profits, especially when both NO3-N and P are restricted simultaneously.
WATER RESOURCES AND ECONOMICS
(2023)
Article
Environmental Studies
Tyas Ismi Trialfhianty, Fajrun Wahidil Muharram, Suadi, Claire Helen Quinn, Maria Beger
Summary: Mangrove forests, located in tropical and subtropical coastal waters and river estuaries, are highly productive ecosystems that provide benefits for both people and the environment. However, the unmanaged use of these ecosystems has led to their decline and conflicts between users. This study develops a prioritisation process using Spatial Multi-criteria Analysis (SMCA) for social-ecological mangrove management, considering social, demographic, economic, and ecological criteria, as well as spatial considerations. The findings demonstrate how SMCA can support managers and policymakers in mapping conservation areas based on complex social-ecological data.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Xia Li, Guangzhao Chen, Yongping Zhang, Le Yu, Zhenrong Du, Guohua Hu, Xiaojuan Liu
Summary: Systematic studies show that there are uncertainties when using global LULC products, especially with coarser resolutions, which can distort urban features. Additionally, most of these products underestimate crop production losses.
Article
Agriculture, Multidisciplinary
Bahadir Alturk, Huseyin Comert Kurc, Fatih Konukcu, Israfil Kocaman
Summary: This study used the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine land use suitability for cattle farming in the Trace Region/Turkey and predicted the suitable land areas and changes for 2050. The results showed that suitable land for cattle farming will decrease due to urbanization.
COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE
(2022)
Article
Environmental Studies
Jane Musole Kwenye, Xiaoting Hou Jones, Alan Renwick
Summary: Understanding the factors that influence trade-offs between agricultural expansion and forest conservation is crucial for managing competing land-use objectives. This study used the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to examine farming business ownership models in Zambia and identify the factors considered by agricultural land managers when making land-use trade-off decisions. The results showed that the market and financial domains were prioritized over environmental considerations, indicating that environmental concerns are often sacrificed for market and financial gains. The availability of input subsidies also played a significant role in the decision to expand, particularly for small-scale ownership models. This highlights the need for agricultural policies and strategies that not only promote productivity but also protect forest ecosystems from further agricultural expansion.
Article
Environmental Studies
Giedrius Pasakarnis, Vida Maliene, Robert Dixon-Gough, Naglis Malys
Summary: This paper presents a set of key criteria and a multi-criteria analysis-based approach to rank and prioritize administrative regions for land consolidation implementation. Transparent identification and prioritization of regions will help ensure efficient resource management and fair allocation of financial support.
Article
Environmental Studies
Victor Alves Barbosa, Joao Carlos Nabout, Helida Ferreira da Cunha
Summary: Approximately 47% of the Brazilian Cerrado has been converted for agriculture and livestock activities, leading to low levels of legal protection and few conservation units. A study in the state of Goiás revealed that observed deforestation exceeded licensed deforestation, with only 13.33% of deforestation having authorized environmental licenses. Spatially, areas in the north, northeast, and east of the state showed the highest disparities between observed and licensed deforestation, indicating unlicensed deforestation in these regions where significant native vegetation remains.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Bahadir Cagri Bayram
Summary: Resource depletion is a global issue due to increasing human population and consumption, highlighting the need for sustainable development. Sustainable forestry plays a crucial role in achieving a more sustainable world, with sustainable forest management practices being vital. The evaluation of Turkey's National SFM shows a focus on environmental C&I importance, as well as an identified classification issue for SFM indicators that requires review and localization.
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Emre Tercan, Orhan Dengiz, Baris Ozkan, Mehmet Ali Dereli, Yesim Benal Oztekin
Summary: The goal of this study is to improve the land suitability model for hazelnut cultivation and apply it in the Unye District of Turkey. The results show that the coastal areas of the study area are the most suitable for hazelnut growing. The two main factors impacting the model are climatic and topographic conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Agronomy
Yu-Kai Huang, Ranjit Bawa, Jeffrey Mullen, Nahal Hoghooghi, Latif Kalin, Puneet Dwivedi
Summary: This study investigates the tradeoff between agricultural economic losses and potential water quality regulations at the watershed level over time. The findings show that agricultural profits decrease when uncertainties are considered, and uncertainties expedite the land use transition from croplands to forestlands, highlighting the crucial role of forests in managing water pollution.
AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Review
Zoology
A. Balmford
Summary: Feeding, housing, clothing, and powering 11 billion people without harming species and climate is a major challenge. The land-sharing/sparing concept offers a framework to find production systems that meet human needs while minimizing overall cost to nature. Important questions exist regarding sustainable high-yield farming and ensuring it spares natural habitats.
JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Shijia Chong, I-Shin Chang, Jing Wu
Summary: Driven by the urgent need for energy security and the imminent threats of climate change, solar energy has become a priority for sustainable energy supply. This study proposes a comprehensive benefit evaluation index system to quantitatively evaluate the overall performance of integrated photovoltaic (PV) applications. The results of three selected PV projects in Tianjin, China demonstrate their great development potential due to remarkable energy saving and emission reduction benefits.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Pei Huang, Honghua Shi, Zongling Wang
Summary: Integrated land-sea management is crucial for the sustainable development of coastal areas. This study developed a physical geography-based zoning method to delineate integrated spatial zoning units of coastal watershed-nearshore waters, and conducted spatial analysis to understand the heterogeneity of these units. Applying this method to Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in China provides a scientific basis for land-sea integrated management and sustainable resource utilization in the coastal zone.
Article
Ecology
Vitezslav Moudry, Rodolphe Devillers
ECOLOGICAL INFORMATICS
(2020)
Article
Remote Sensing
Guy E. I. Strickland, Joan E. Luther, Joanne C. White, Michael A. Wulder
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING
(2020)
Article
Forestry
Jean-Francois Cote, Joan E. Luther, Patrick Lenz, Richard A. Fournier, Olivier R. van Lier
Summary: Information on wood fibre attributes (WFA) is crucial for optimizing forest management and enhancing the competitiveness of the industry. Factors influencing WFA include both plot and tree levels. The use of t-lidar systems and architectural models can lead to improved prediction of WFA, highlighting the importance of precise forest structure characterization in forest inventory.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Julie M. Reimer, Rodolphe Devillers, Joachim Claudet
Summary: An analysis of 177 studies and expert opinions on tools for ocean protection indicates that a combination of tools is required to achieve all SDG targets for the oceans. Some tools, such as fully and partially protected areas and locally managed marine areas, may have stronger contributions to SDG 14. However, there are gaps in the suitability of certain tools for specific targets.
NATURE SUSTAINABILITY
(2021)
Article
Ecology
S. J. Pittman, K. L. Yates, P. J. Bouchet, D. Alvarez-Berastegui, S. Andrefouet, S. S. Bell, C. Berkstrom, C. Bostrom, C. J. Brown, R. M. Connolly, R. Devillers, D. Eggleston, B. L. Gilby, M. Gullstrom, B. S. Halpern, M. Hidalgo, D. Holstein, K. Hovel, F. Huettmann, E. L. Jackson, W. R. James, J. B. Kellner, C. Y. Kot, V Lecours, C. Lepczyk, I Nagelkerken, J. Nelson, A. D. Olds, R. O. Santos, K. L. Scales, D. C. Schneider, H. T. Schilling, C. Simenstad, I. M. Suthers, E. A. Treml, L. M. Wedding, P. Yates, M. Young
Summary: Seascape ecology, as a marine-centric interdisciplinary science, lacks a coherent prioritization of key research questions. Using a 2-stage Delphi method, this study identified priority research themes including seascape change, connectivity, scale, ecosystem-based management, and emerging technologies. The analysis revealed congruence and discrepancies in priority rankings across different respondent groups.
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Catherine Frizzle, Richard A. Fournier, Melanie Trudel, Joan E. Luther
Summary: This study explored the trade-offs among ecosystem services (ESs) provided by forests, aiming to guide decision-making towards sustainable forestry using a Bayesian belief network (BBN) at the landscape level. By integrating spatial data, forest operational rules, ESs, and probabilistic statistics, the study demonstrated the potential to identify areas where timber harvesting should be avoided or have minimal negative effects on other ESs, even meeting sustainable forestry objectives. Through high-resolution spatial data and simulation of changes in ES indicators within the BBN, the study showed the ability to evaluate management scenarios to reduce trade-offs and provide key information for sustainable forest management decision-making.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Alyson Le Quilleuc, Antoine Collin, Michael F. Jasinski, Rodolphe Devillers
Summary: This study successfully created high-resolution bathymetry and habitat mapping in the waters of Mayotte island by fusing satellite imagery and LiDAR technology. The results indicate that satellite data can provide accurate and reliable information on water depth and habitats.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Ignacio Pita, Raphael Seguin, Yunne-Jai Shin, Pauline Viguier, Thibault Catry, Rodolphe Devillers, David Mouillot
Summary: This study used a satellite imagery approach to assess the impact of Covid-19 crisis on maritime activities in the French Mediterranean waters. The research found that while there was a short-term reduction in ship frequentation during the lockdown period, it did not significantly decrease the annual ship presence in the region.
FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
J. Machicao, A. Ben Abbes, L. Meneguzzi, P. L. P. Correa, A. Specht, R. David, G. Subsol, D. Vellenich, R. Devillers, S. Stall, N. Mouquet, M. Chaumont, L. Berti-Equille, D. Mouillot
Summary: The challenges of reproducibility and replicability in computer science experiments, particularly those involving deep learning techniques, have attracted attention in recent years. This article evaluates the reproducibility of three deep learning experiments analyzing visual indicators from satellite and street imagery, and proposes a checklist to improve reproducibility based on FAIR principles.
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Development Studies
Rachel E. Bitoun, Gilbert David, Rodolphe Devillers
Summary: This study analyzes the challenges and opportunities of sustainability in three European outermost regions and proposes strategies using ecosystem services assessments to address these challenges. The study uses SWOT and PESTEL analysis, and identifies seven implementation strategies through interviews and matrix analysis. The results indicate that these strategies contribute to achieving multiple sustainable development goals.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
(2023)
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Delphine Ducros, Rodolphe Devillers, Antoine Messager, Marie Suet, Abakar Saleh Wachoum, Clemence Deschamps, Babakar Matar Breme, Ib Krag Petersen, Yves Kayser, Nicolas Vincent-Martin, M'Baiti Narcisse Djimasngar, Bruno Portier, Jocelyn Champagnon, Jean-Yves Mondain-Monval, Pierre Defos du Rau
Summary: In order to protect ecosystems from increasing human pressure, it is important to designate protected areas in regions that retain a high level of ecological integrity. However, scarcity of ecological data makes the systematic design of new protected zones challenging. In this study, an original methodological approach was developed to design new zoning for a pre-existing protected area in a remote Sahelian wetland of southern Chad, using aerial survey data and modeling tools.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Mairi C. Meehan, Gerald G. Singh, Natalie C. Ban, Rodolphe Devillers, Joachim Claudet
Summary: This article explores the role of Marine Protected Area Networks (MPANs) in protecting biodiversity and contributing to sustainable development, emphasizing the importance of considering ecological, economic, governance, and social dimensions in MPAN design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. The study found that most MPANs have multiple co-occurring, potentially conflicting objectives. MPANs with both biodiversity and societal objectives consider attributes across all dimensions more frequently than those with only biodiversity objectives. However, ecological attributes are always perceived as important regardless of the MPAN objective. Overlooking dimensions in MPAN evaluations can hinder achieving synergies between the multiple dimensions. Identifying important attributes considered in MPANs can enhance the practice of MPAN design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation and improve MPAN success.
CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE
(2023)
Article
Environmental Studies
Julie M. Reimer, Rodolphe Devillers, Brice Trouillet, Natalie C. Ban, Tundi Agardy, Joachim Claudet
Summary: Marine spatial planning (MSP) often prioritizes blue growth objectives over biodiversity conservation, but this study suggests the concept of conservation ready MSP, where plans are designed to integrate conservation in MSP to support sustained ocean use. Qualitative document analysis identified five themes, reflecting conservation in MSP from weak to strong inclusion. The analysis suggests that while some plans appear more prepared to integrate conservation, overall the prioritization of managing impacts and conservation in MSP is less apparent.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Charles Loiseau, Lauric Thiault, Rodolphe Devillers, Joachim Claudet
Summary: Cumulative impact assessments play a key role in ecosystem-based management, but their local application is still scarce. By applying the cumulative impact assessment framework to Moorea's coral reef, it was found that land-based activities play a critical role in overall impact, highlighting the potential for local implementation of the cumulative human impact framework to improve ecological outcomes.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Joachim Claudet, Laurent Bopp, William W. L. Cheung, Rodolphe Devillers, Elva Escobar-Briones, Peter Haugan, Johanna J. Heymans, Valerie Masson-Delmotte, Nele Matz-Lueck, Patricia Miloslavich, Lauren Mullineaux, Martin Visbeck, Robert Watson, Anna Milena Zivian, Isabelle Ansorge, Moacyr Araujo, Salvatore Arico, Denis Bailly, Julian Barbiere, Cyrille Barnerias, Chris Bowler, Victor Brun, Anny Cazenave, Cameron Diver, Agathe Euzen, Amadou Thierno Gaye, Nathalie Hilmi, Frederic Menard, Cyril Moulin, Norma Patricia Munoz, Remi Parmentier, Antoine Pebayle, Hans-Otto Poertner, Silva Osvaldina, Patricia Ricard, Ricardo Serrao Santos, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Stephanie Thiebault, Torsten Thiele, Romain Trouble, Alexander Turra, Jacqueline Uku, Francoise Gaill
Article
Forestry
Sadadi Ojoatre, Jos Barlow, Suzanne R. Jacobs, Mariana C. Rufino
Summary: This study evaluates the changes in a forest complex in Kenya and finds that within 20 years of disturbance, there is rapid recovery of aboveground biomass and carbon accumulation, and the species diversity remains high in these previously disturbed fragments.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Astor Torano Caicoya, Peter Biber, Miren del Rio, Ricardo Ruiz-Peinado, Catia Arcangeli, Robert Matthews, Hans Pretzsch
Summary: This study analyzed the effects of site and climate on the self-thinning line in Scots pine forests in Europe. The results showed that species tolerance, temperature, and precipitation influenced the slope of the self-thinning line. In terms of the intercept, latitude and radiation had compensating effects. Time did not show significant trends in the self-thinning line. The study highlights the need to adapt management strategies and models based on self-thinning to different latitudes. Climate change has not yet significantly impacted the self-thinning trajectory, but a continuous rise in temperature and high precipitation may accelerate the self-thinning process and result in increased biomass accumulation.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Haonan Zhang, Jianing Xu, Weiqi Meng, Zhonglin Li, Yanyan Ni, Weijie Li, Hao Chen, Xingshuo Zhang, Huanhuan Yuan, Zhi Wang
Summary: Secondary forests play a crucial role in ecosystem dynamics and biodiversity recovery. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying secondary succession in a restored secondary forest and found that deciduous tree species transition from diversity accumulators to repellents as they progress through different life history stages, while evergreen tree species can act as accumulators or remain neutral. The study also revealed the effects of density dependence on the mortality and regeneration of different tree species, and highlighted the importance of early-arriving tree species in facilitating the establishment and diversity of late-arriving counterparts.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Yierxiati Abulaiti, Zijian Huang, Guojiao Xie, Xiaojuan Zou, Qin Luo, Minhuang Wang, Qiong Yang, Ping Hu, Shixiao Yu
Summary: In this study, the resistance to pest infestation of native and exotic mangrove species was compared based on their traits and spectral reflectance. The results showed that exotic species exhibited higher resistance to pest infestation compared to native species.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Thomas Feiss, Vincent Robin, Delphine Aran, Joseph Levillain, Thierry Paul, Jean-Luc Dupouey
Summary: Fagus sylvatica L. is a competitive tree in European temperate deciduous forests, but often sporadic or absent in present-day stands where Quercus spp. are dominant. Through soil charcoal analysis in the Lorraine Plateau in France, the presence of Fagus and Quercus in mature Quercus stands was confirmed. Radiocarbon dating results indicated that historical forest management caused the replacement of Fagus by Quercus, starting from the Bronze Age.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Paula Halbig, Anne-Sophie Stelzer, Peter Baier, Josef Pennerstorfer, Horst Delb, Axel Schopf
Summary: The incidence of oak processionary moth in Central Europe has been increasing, posing severe threats to oak trees, humans, and animals. To address this issue, researchers have developed an online early warning system that provides phenological forecasts and decision support for the protection of oak trees and human health.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Jean-Baptiste Ndamiyehe Ncutirakiza, Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury, Philippe Lejeune, Xavier Bry, Catherine Trottier, Frederic Mortier, Adeline Fayolle, Francois Muhashy Habiyaremye, Leopold Ndjele Mianda-Bungi, Gauthier Ligot
Summary: This study examines the influence of canopy structure on tropical tree growth using data collected through unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and field measurements. The results show that combining UAV and field data can improve the prediction of tree diameter increment. Diameter at breast height and crown area are complementary predictors, and crown-based competition indices significantly enhance prediction models. The calibrated model at one site can accurately predict growth at another site.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Abebe Damtew, Emiru Birhane, Christian Messier, Alain Paquette, Bart Muys
Summary: Restoring degraded dryland requires a diverse mixture of trees and shrubs. Shading and species diversity can improve seedling survival and vitality. Shaded conditions led to higher seedling survival, vitality, and chlorophyll content, while increasing species richness improved seedling vitality in non-shaded conditions.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Francois Hebert, Isabelle Delisle, Marc Tremblay, Pascal Tremblay, Jean- Francois Boucher, Yan Boucher, Daniel Lord
Summary: Regeneration failures in the closed-crown boreal forest, resulting in the creation of open lichen woodlands, can be restored through clear-cutting, scarification, and natural seeding. Clear-cutting combined with scarification promotes seedling establishment, and scarification creates suitable microsites for germination. Seedling growth in lichen woodlands is higher when logging and scarification are combined, but lower compared to feather moss stands. Afforestation through natural seeding following scarification could be a cost-effective option for restoring lichen woodlands.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Bianca Wulansari Kassun, A. Maarit I. Kallio, Erik Tr Omborg, Meley Mekonen Rannestad
Summary: Mapping and analyzing forest ecosystem services in dry and mountain forests can provide valuable knowledge for sustainable forest management strategies.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Michael Premer, Eric Turnblom, Aaron Weiskittel
Summary: Managed forests serve as a natural climate change solution by sequestering carbon and storing it in harvested wood products, while also providing ecosystem services and wildlife habitat. This study focused on the stem sinuosity of juvenile coastal Douglas-fir and found that genetic improvement, silviculture practices, and local growing conditions can impact stem sinuosity. Factors such as tree spacing, vegetation control, and climate variables also affect the severity of stem sinuosity.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Bronwyn Lira Dyson, Rhea Herpel, Peter Karasch, Jorg Mueller, Dominik Thom, Claus Baessler
Summary: The study aimed to assess the effects of different forest management strategies, dead wood types, and microclimates on Fomes fomentarius. The results showed that the occupancy of Fomes fomentarius was lower in control stands, while the percent cover occupied on snags under a closed canopy was higher. Increasing the number of snags and maintaining dense forest canopies could enhance the presence of Fomes fomentarius as well as provide important microhabitats for various arthropods.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Di Liu, Chaofan Zhou, Xiao He, Xiangdong Lei, Huiru Zhang, Xianzhao Liu
Summary: Canopy structure plays a significant role in the distribution and growth of saplings. Traditional canopy metrics are inadequate in irregular stands. The innovative framework of canopy triangular units provides a comprehensive understanding of the canopy's three-dimensional attributes. Through this framework, we can analyze the differences in various triangular unit types and the spatial dispersion of saplings.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Amalia Valeria Ibanez Moro, Fabian Borghetti, Leonardo Galetto, Juan M. Cellini, Sandra J. Bravo
Summary: This study evaluated the size and persistence of soil seed banks (SSB) of six native woody species in dry subtropical forests of the western Argentine Chaco region. The results showed that SSB size was influenced by different sites and sampling years, and forest disturbances had varying effects on SSB.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Stephanie Landry, Marc-Andre Villard, Gaetan Pelletier, Martin-Hugues St-Laurent
Summary: In many regions of the world, excessive browsing by ungulates has reached unsustainable levels, threatening biodiversity and forest regeneration. Moose, as ecological engineers, have severe impacts on forest structure and composition through overbrowsing. The distribution of forage and cover patches affects moose browsing pressure, and this relationship has been explored in conifer-dominated stands but not in hardwood-dominated landscapes.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
