Article
Environmental Studies
Andre Vizinho, Adriana Principe, Ana Catia Vasconcelos, Rui Rebelo, Cristina Branquinho, Gil Penha-Lopes
Summary: In Mediterranean climate regions, climate change is causing increased aridity and higher mortality rates for Quercus suber, affecting reforestation efforts. This study explores the use of microclimates, particularly by utilizing north-facing slopes and water lines for planting, and creating shelter with existing shrubs like Cistus ladanifer. Experiment 1 demonstrated higher survival rates for Q. suber planted on north-facing slopes and water lines compared to ridges, while Experiment 2 showed that planting in the shade of C. ladanifer rows significantly increased survival rates. These findings indicate the importance of considering microclimates in reforestation strategies for Q. suber.
Article
Forestry
Joao P. F. Carvalho
Summary: An appropriate management and valuation of Pyrenean oak forests are important. Many coppice forests have been converted into high forests. This study presents a 20-year trial on Pyrenean oak coppices and analyzes the effects of different silvicultural interventions on tree growth and epicormic branching.
Article
Forestry
Francisco B. Navarro, Antonia B. Cano, Cristina Galvez, Andriana Kazani, M. Dolores Carbonero, M. Noelia Jimenez
Summary: The effectiveness of direct acorn seeding is influenced by environmental conditions and acorn predation. The study found that early seeding in December, controlling weed competition, and selecting large acorns from high germination potential mother trees can improve the survival and growth of seedlings. However, seeding success is lower in drier sites and drier years.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Guillermo Gea-Izquierdo, Fabio Natalini, Enrique Cardillo
Summary: The study highlights the increased threat to forest ecosystems due to abiotic and biotic stress driven by global change, with factors like the presence of Phytophthora pathogens and drought contributing to tree mortality. Differences in sensitivity to climate conditions were observed between live and dead trees, with growth declines potentially indicating the beginning of tree death.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
Article
Forestry
Manuela Rodriguez-Romero, Belen Godoy-Cancho, Isabel M. Calha, Jose Antonio Passarinho, Ana Cristina Moreira
Summary: The study evaluated the inhibitory effects of herbaceous plants on a pathogen population, analyzed the inhibitory capacity of aqueous root extracts on pathogen growth, and assessed the defense response of Quercus seedlings to the pathogen in the presence of different plant species.
Article
Forestry
Julia Ritsche, Klaus Katzensteiner, Vanda Acacio
Summary: The study investigated natural tree regeneration in three predominant land cover types in the Mediterranean oak landscapes of the Alentejo region of Portugal. The results showed widespread regeneration failure, with the strongest impact seen in shrublands and higher regeneration density in forests compared to montados. Differences in regeneration patterns seem to be influenced by seed availability, seed dispersal, vegetation cover, and past land use practices.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2021)
Article
Forestry
Estefania Mico, Sandra Martinez-Perez, Jorge Jordan-Nunez, Eduardo Galante, Barbara Mico-Vicent
Summary: Forests in the Mediterranean Basin are crucial for providing provisioning and regulating services, but these services are currently threatened by land-use change. This study focused on the diversity of saproxylic beetles as biological indicators and found that the abandonment of traditional forest management activities has resulted in a decline in their diversity, which may be exacerbated by climate change. Minimal management actions and promoting tree microhabitat diversity are suggested to improve saproxylic beetle diversity and reduce their vulnerability to environmental changes.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Marina Castro, Joao Paulo Castro, Jose Castro
Summary: In recent years, rural abandonment and climate change have posed challenges for grazed wooded landscapes in Mediterranean mountain regions. This study evaluates the combined effect of mechanical clearing and grazing on understory vegetation in Mediterranean oak forests, and finds that mechanical clearing effectively reduces phytovolume and fire hazards, but it must be followed by subsequent grazing to be long-lasting. The study also reveals that there is no consistent pattern in the floristic dynamics of the shrub-grassland mosaic in relation to shrub-clearing or grazing over the short term.
Article
Spectroscopy
Mohamed Traore, Joeri Kaal, Antonio Martinez Cortizas
Summary: This study investigates the transition zone in oak wood through color parameters and molecular structure analysis. The results show significant differences between the transition zone, sapwood, and heartwood in terms of color and chemical composition, which may be related to lignification and storage of polysaccharide compounds.
SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY
(2023)
Article
Ecology
Caroline G. Borden, Marlyse C. Duguid, Mark S. Ashton
Summary: Periodic burning increases nutrient microsite heterogeneity and understory light, which in turn enhance understory plant density and diversity, leading to a shift in understory composition.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ataur Rahman, Nasrullah Khan, Kishwar Ali, Rafi Ullah, Muhammad Ezaz Hasan Khan, David Aaron Jones, Inayat Ur Rahman
Summary: The study provides insights into the plant biodiversity and classification of understory vegetation in Swat, Pakistan. The area's floral diversity consisted of 58 plant species from 32 families, with herbaceous growth form dominating. Analysis showed that certain variables significantly influenced the understory vegetation of oak-dominated forests, which play an important role in the region's forest ecosystem.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2021)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Yi-Fan Liu, Ze Huang, Ling-Chao Meng, Shu-Yuan Li, Yu-Bin Wang, Yu Liu, Manuel Lopez-Vicente, Gao-Lin Wu
Summary: The study revealed that understory shading in forest-grassland ecosystems altered the community composition and structure of understory grasslands, leading to increased soil loss. Shade-tolerant herb species play a crucial role in controlling soil erosion, highlighting the importance of species selection for vegetation restoration in such ecosystems.
Article
Forestry
John Parsons, Carina Motta, Garima Sehgal, Ana Miller-ter-Kuile, Hillary Young, Devyn Orr
Summary: The study found that seed germination and seedling survival were highest in intermediate and mesic climates, with total exclosures showing the best outcomes. However, in arid climates, the best establishment regime included wild herbivores without cattle, with the highest seedling mortality in the most arid climate.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2021)
Review
Forestry
Noor Muhammad, Maria Angeles Castillejo, Maria-Dolores Rey, Jesus V. Jorrin-Novo
Summary: This article introduces the formation of broad-leaved evergreen forests by Quercus spp. in the Hindu Kush and Himalayan regions of Pakistan. Seven species of Quercus genus have been identified, but they have received little attention in terms of their economic value and bioactivity evaluation. Quercus spp. show promise for commercial applications, but are currently threatened by human activities and climate change. This review highlights the importance of these forgotten species and discusses various aspects of their distribution, morphology, traditional uses, phytochemical constituents, and threats. The lack of molecular studies on populations of these species in Pakistan is a critical gap that needs to be addressed for conservation and management strategies. Future research directions in molecular approaches for Quercus are also discussed.
Article
Forestry
Ana M. Cardenas, Dafne Toledo, Patricia Gallardo, Jose Guerrero-Casado
Summary: This study assessed damage caused by Coraebus undatus and Reticulitermes grassei in managed cork oak forests in the southern Iberian Peninsula. The results showed that C. undatus has low population levels and a non-uniform distribution pattern, while R. grassei shows low infestation levels and a preference to affect the trunk's base. The two species also exhibit different locations of damage within the tree trunks, with a low co-occurrence in the same trunks.
Article
Ecology
Andrew M. Cunliffe, Karen Anderson, Fabio Boschetti, Richard E. Brazier, Hugh A. Graham, Isla H. Myers-Smith, Thomas Astor, Matthias M. Boer, Leonor G. Calvo, Patrick E. Clark, Michael D. Cramer, Miguel S. Encinas-Lara, Stephen M. Escarzaga, Jose M. Fernandez-Guisuraga, Adrian G. Fisher, Katerina Gdulova, Breahna M. Gillespie, Anne Griebel, Niall P. Hanan, Muhammad S. Hanggito, Stefan Haselberger, Caroline A. Havrilla, Phil Heilman, Wenjie Ji, Jason W. Karl, Mario Kirchhoff, Sabine Kraushaar, Mitchell B. Lyons, Irene Marzolff, Marguerite E. Mauritz, Cameron D. McIntire, Daniel Metzen, Luis A. Mendez-Barroso, Simon C. Power, Jiri Prosek, Enoc Sanz-Ablanedo, Katherine J. Sauer, Damian Schulze-Bruninghoff, Petra Simova, Stephen Sitch, Julian L. Smit, Caiti M. Steele, Susana Suarez-Seoane, Sergio A. Vargas, Miguel Villarreal, Fleur Visser, Michael Wachendorf, Hannes Wirnsberger, Robert Wojcikiewicz
Summary: This study developed a new protocol for photogrammetric height using UAV images to standardized measurements of biomass across a globally distributed field experiment. Canopy height inferred from UAV photogrammetry was found to strongly predict aboveground biomass across different plant species, providing accurate estimates. The photogrammetric approach proved to be sensitive to wind speed but robust in providing generalizable measurements across different growth forms and environments, demonstrating its potential for accurately estimating biomass in various ecosystems.
REMOTE SENSING IN ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION
(2022)
Article
Ecology
Jose Manuel Fernandez-Guisuraga, Susana Suarez-Seoane, Leonor Calvo
Summary: This study evaluates the resilience of plant communities in fire-prone landscapes using data fusion of synthetic aperture radar and multispectral remote sensing. The results show that the structural complexity of plant communities plays a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem functioning and driving ecological resilience to fire.
REMOTE SENSING IN ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION
(2023)
Article
Soil Science
David Beltran-Marcos, Susana Suarez-Seoane, Jose Manuel Fernandez-Guisuraga, Victor Fernandez-Garcia, Elena Marcos, Leonor Calvo
Summary: This study aimed to assess the effects of severe fires on soil indicators by combining multispectral imagery at different resolutions. The results showed that soil moisture content and organic carbon were the most indicative indicators of burn severity. By combining satellite and UAV images, spatially and spectrally enhanced images can be produced to estimate the main impacts on soil properties in burned forest areas.
Article
Forestry
Jose Manuel Fernandez-Guisuraga, Leonor Calvo, Sara Huerta, Elena Marcos
Summary: This study assesses the effects of mulching and burnt wood treatments on soil multifunctionality after a large wildfire in NW Spain, and finds that burnt wood can promote soil multifunctionality in Mediterranean ecosystems.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Jose Manuel Fernandez-Guisuraga, Leonor Calvo, Paulo M. Fernandes, April Hulet, Barry Perryman, Brad Schultz, K. Scott Jensen, Josh Enterkine, Chad S. Boyd, Kirk W. Davies, Dustin D. Johnson, Katherine Wollstein, William J. Price, Sergio A. Arispe
Summary: Invasion of exotic annual grasses in the northern Great Basin rangelands has caused a grass-fire cycle, posing a threat to the sagebrush steppe ecosystem. Remote sensing-derived products show potential in estimating litter biomass and its spatial patterns in southeastern Oregon, which can be linked to fire regime attributes. The findings highlight the importance of these products in fuel management, fire management, and restoration efforts.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Forestry
Josu G. G. Alday, Leonor Calvo, Jose Luis Fernandez Rodriguez, Luz Valbuena
Summary: This study characterizes the plant species composition and soil seed bank after prescribed burning in three heathlands in the southern part of Spain, to understand the regenerative capacity and conservation of these communities. The results suggest that the soil seed bank after wildfires can restore the grassland vegetation in these habitats, indicating a high restoration potential. Our study also highlights the recovery of key species such as Calluna and Erica in the short term after burning, which is crucial for maintaining the community structure of heathlands.
Article
Ecology
Victor Fernandez-Garcia, David Beltran-Marcos, Leonor Calvo
Summary: Fire danger analysis is crucial for landscape planning, especially in vulnerable areas like the wildland-urban interface (WUI). This study aims to investigate how fuel characteristics can predict burn severity in different WUI typologies based on nearby building density. 23 wildfires across Southern Europe were selected, with distinctions made between non WUI areas, isolated, scattered, dense, and very dense WUIs. Through spatial analysis of burn severity and fuel metrics using satellite imagery, the study found that burn severity is lower in clustered WUIs, and vegetation biophysical properties have the highest influence on burn severity in all WUI typologies. The study also revealed that burn severity is less predictable in dense and very dense WUIs due to their greater complexity and presence of artificial structures.
LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING
(2023)
Article
Ecology
Jose Manuel Fernandez-Guisuraga, Elena Marcos, Leonor Calvo
Summary: Mediterranean ecosystems dominated by maritime pine are experiencing a shift in fire regimes from fuel-limited to drought-driven, resulting in increased wildfire extent, recurrence, and severity. This study examined the effects of fire recurrence and severity on the ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) of unmanaged maritime pine forests in the western Mediterranean Basin. The results showed that different ecosystem functions responded differently to fire recurrence and severity, and there was an interaction between the two factors. The findings emphasize the importance of an integrative approach to assessing the response of ecosystem functioning to fire regimes.
Article
Plant Sciences
Victor Fernandez-Garcia, M. L. Centeno, Leonor Calvo
Summary: Overexploitation, land-use change, and climate warming threaten the conservation of many plant species, including Gentiana lutea. This study examines the effects of burning and clearing on G. lutea populations in the Cantabrian Mountains. Results show a decrease in G. lutea population variables immediately after burning, but a full recovery over the medium term. Clearing has no short-term effects but significantly increases population variables in the medium term. Based on the findings, mechanical clearing is proposed as a suitable management strategy for G. lutea populations in NW Iberian Peninsula.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH ON MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS
(2023)
Review
Ecology
Daniel Garcia, Susana Suarez-Seoane, Borja Jimenez-Alfaro, David alvarez, Pedro Alvarez-alvarez, Jose Manuel Alvarez-Martinez, Jose Barquin, Leonor Calvo, Juan Carlos Illera, Paola Laiolo, Ignacio Perez-Silos, Mario Quevedo, Jose Valentin Roces-Diaz, Cristina Santin
Summary: Passive rewilding refers to the spontaneous regeneration of ecosystems after human land use abandonment. It can lead to biodiversity recovery and ecosystem service restoration, but also cause declines in certain species and changes in disturbance regimes. This review integrates current knowledge on the ecological patterns and processes of passive rewilding in the Cantabrian Cordillera, providing a scientific basis for environmental management guidelines.
Editorial Material
Ecology
Victor Fernandez-Garcia, Elena Marcos, Marcos Francos, Nicasio Tomas Jimenez-Morillo, Leonor Calvo
FRONTIERS IN FORESTS AND GLOBAL CHANGE
(2023)
Article
Forestry
Jose Manuel Fernandez-Guisuraga, Paulo M. Fernandes, Reyes Tarrega, David Beltran-Marcos, Leonor Calvo
Summary: Large, severe wildfires in the Mediterranean can lead to unpredictable changes in plant communities, impacting ecosystem resilience. This study investigates the role of fire severity and geophysical drivers in post-fire vegetation recovery using remote sensing techniques and identifies the variables influencing recovery in different plant communities. The findings provide insights into the resilience processes of fire-prone communities in the region.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2023)
Article
Forestry
Jose Manuel Fernandez-Guisuraga, Paulo M. Fernandes, Elena Marcos, David Beltran-Marcos, Pablo Sarricolea, Massimiliano Farris, Leonor Calvo
Summary: This study examines the fire severity divergence among different strata in Mediterranean forests and shrubland ecosystems. The results show that fire effects can be decoupled across strata, with upper strata in broadleaf forests and substrate stratum in shrublands experiencing the least severity. The study also finds that individual CBI attributes contribute significantly to the spectral variability of fire severity indices.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2023)
Editorial Material
Environmental Sciences
Victor Fernandez-Garcia, Leonor Calvo, Susana Suarez-Seoane, Elena Marcos
Article
Forestry
Sadadi Ojoatre, Jos Barlow, Suzanne R. Jacobs, Mariana C. Rufino
Summary: This study evaluates the changes in a forest complex in Kenya and finds that within 20 years of disturbance, there is rapid recovery of aboveground biomass and carbon accumulation, and the species diversity remains high in these previously disturbed fragments.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Astor Torano Caicoya, Peter Biber, Miren del Rio, Ricardo Ruiz-Peinado, Catia Arcangeli, Robert Matthews, Hans Pretzsch
Summary: This study analyzed the effects of site and climate on the self-thinning line in Scots pine forests in Europe. The results showed that species tolerance, temperature, and precipitation influenced the slope of the self-thinning line. In terms of the intercept, latitude and radiation had compensating effects. Time did not show significant trends in the self-thinning line. The study highlights the need to adapt management strategies and models based on self-thinning to different latitudes. Climate change has not yet significantly impacted the self-thinning trajectory, but a continuous rise in temperature and high precipitation may accelerate the self-thinning process and result in increased biomass accumulation.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Haonan Zhang, Jianing Xu, Weiqi Meng, Zhonglin Li, Yanyan Ni, Weijie Li, Hao Chen, Xingshuo Zhang, Huanhuan Yuan, Zhi Wang
Summary: Secondary forests play a crucial role in ecosystem dynamics and biodiversity recovery. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying secondary succession in a restored secondary forest and found that deciduous tree species transition from diversity accumulators to repellents as they progress through different life history stages, while evergreen tree species can act as accumulators or remain neutral. The study also revealed the effects of density dependence on the mortality and regeneration of different tree species, and highlighted the importance of early-arriving tree species in facilitating the establishment and diversity of late-arriving counterparts.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Yierxiati Abulaiti, Zijian Huang, Guojiao Xie, Xiaojuan Zou, Qin Luo, Minhuang Wang, Qiong Yang, Ping Hu, Shixiao Yu
Summary: In this study, the resistance to pest infestation of native and exotic mangrove species was compared based on their traits and spectral reflectance. The results showed that exotic species exhibited higher resistance to pest infestation compared to native species.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Thomas Feiss, Vincent Robin, Delphine Aran, Joseph Levillain, Thierry Paul, Jean-Luc Dupouey
Summary: Fagus sylvatica L. is a competitive tree in European temperate deciduous forests, but often sporadic or absent in present-day stands where Quercus spp. are dominant. Through soil charcoal analysis in the Lorraine Plateau in France, the presence of Fagus and Quercus in mature Quercus stands was confirmed. Radiocarbon dating results indicated that historical forest management caused the replacement of Fagus by Quercus, starting from the Bronze Age.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Paula Halbig, Anne-Sophie Stelzer, Peter Baier, Josef Pennerstorfer, Horst Delb, Axel Schopf
Summary: The incidence of oak processionary moth in Central Europe has been increasing, posing severe threats to oak trees, humans, and animals. To address this issue, researchers have developed an online early warning system that provides phenological forecasts and decision support for the protection of oak trees and human health.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Jean-Baptiste Ndamiyehe Ncutirakiza, Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury, Philippe Lejeune, Xavier Bry, Catherine Trottier, Frederic Mortier, Adeline Fayolle, Francois Muhashy Habiyaremye, Leopold Ndjele Mianda-Bungi, Gauthier Ligot
Summary: This study examines the influence of canopy structure on tropical tree growth using data collected through unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and field measurements. The results show that combining UAV and field data can improve the prediction of tree diameter increment. Diameter at breast height and crown area are complementary predictors, and crown-based competition indices significantly enhance prediction models. The calibrated model at one site can accurately predict growth at another site.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Abebe Damtew, Emiru Birhane, Christian Messier, Alain Paquette, Bart Muys
Summary: Restoring degraded dryland requires a diverse mixture of trees and shrubs. Shading and species diversity can improve seedling survival and vitality. Shaded conditions led to higher seedling survival, vitality, and chlorophyll content, while increasing species richness improved seedling vitality in non-shaded conditions.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Francois Hebert, Isabelle Delisle, Marc Tremblay, Pascal Tremblay, Jean- Francois Boucher, Yan Boucher, Daniel Lord
Summary: Regeneration failures in the closed-crown boreal forest, resulting in the creation of open lichen woodlands, can be restored through clear-cutting, scarification, and natural seeding. Clear-cutting combined with scarification promotes seedling establishment, and scarification creates suitable microsites for germination. Seedling growth in lichen woodlands is higher when logging and scarification are combined, but lower compared to feather moss stands. Afforestation through natural seeding following scarification could be a cost-effective option for restoring lichen woodlands.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Bianca Wulansari Kassun, A. Maarit I. Kallio, Erik Tr Omborg, Meley Mekonen Rannestad
Summary: Mapping and analyzing forest ecosystem services in dry and mountain forests can provide valuable knowledge for sustainable forest management strategies.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Michael Premer, Eric Turnblom, Aaron Weiskittel
Summary: Managed forests serve as a natural climate change solution by sequestering carbon and storing it in harvested wood products, while also providing ecosystem services and wildlife habitat. This study focused on the stem sinuosity of juvenile coastal Douglas-fir and found that genetic improvement, silviculture practices, and local growing conditions can impact stem sinuosity. Factors such as tree spacing, vegetation control, and climate variables also affect the severity of stem sinuosity.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Bronwyn Lira Dyson, Rhea Herpel, Peter Karasch, Jorg Mueller, Dominik Thom, Claus Baessler
Summary: The study aimed to assess the effects of different forest management strategies, dead wood types, and microclimates on Fomes fomentarius. The results showed that the occupancy of Fomes fomentarius was lower in control stands, while the percent cover occupied on snags under a closed canopy was higher. Increasing the number of snags and maintaining dense forest canopies could enhance the presence of Fomes fomentarius as well as provide important microhabitats for various arthropods.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Di Liu, Chaofan Zhou, Xiao He, Xiangdong Lei, Huiru Zhang, Xianzhao Liu
Summary: Canopy structure plays a significant role in the distribution and growth of saplings. Traditional canopy metrics are inadequate in irregular stands. The innovative framework of canopy triangular units provides a comprehensive understanding of the canopy's three-dimensional attributes. Through this framework, we can analyze the differences in various triangular unit types and the spatial dispersion of saplings.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Amalia Valeria Ibanez Moro, Fabian Borghetti, Leonardo Galetto, Juan M. Cellini, Sandra J. Bravo
Summary: This study evaluated the size and persistence of soil seed banks (SSB) of six native woody species in dry subtropical forests of the western Argentine Chaco region. The results showed that SSB size was influenced by different sites and sampling years, and forest disturbances had varying effects on SSB.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)
Article
Forestry
Stephanie Landry, Marc-Andre Villard, Gaetan Pelletier, Martin-Hugues St-Laurent
Summary: In many regions of the world, excessive browsing by ungulates has reached unsustainable levels, threatening biodiversity and forest regeneration. Moose, as ecological engineers, have severe impacts on forest structure and composition through overbrowsing. The distribution of forage and cover patches affects moose browsing pressure, and this relationship has been explored in conifer-dominated stands but not in hardwood-dominated landscapes.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2024)