Journal
FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY
Volume 75, Issue 3, Pages 390-401Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.01016.x
Keywords
mercury concentration; bacterial mercury reduction; Arctic bacteria; mercury resistance
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Funding
- Danish Agency of Science [645-06-0233]
- U.S. National Science Foundation [EAR-0433793]
- U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FG02-05ER63969]
- Danish Environmental Protection Agency
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It is well-established that atmospheric deposition transports mercury from lower latitudes to the Arctic. The role of bacteria in the dynamics of the deposited mercury, however, is unknown. We characterized mercury-resistant bacteria from High Arctic snow, freshwater and sea-ice brine. Bacterial densities were 9.4 x 105, 5 x 105 and 0.9-3.1 x 103 cells mL-1 in freshwater, brine and snow, respectively. Highest cultivability was observed in snow (11.9%), followed by freshwater (0.3%) and brine (0.03%). In snow, the mercury-resistant bacteria accounted for up to 31% of the culturable bacteria, but < 2% in freshwater and brine. The resistant bacteria belonged to the Alpha-, Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteriodetes. Resistance levels of most isolates were not temperature dependent. Of the resistant isolates, 25% reduced Hg(II) to Hg(0). No relation between resistance level, ability to reduce Hg(II) and phylogenetic group was observed. An estimation of the potential bacterial reduction of Hg(II) in snow suggested that it was important in the deeper snow layers where light attenuation inhibited photoreduction. Thus, by reducing Hg(II) to Hg(0), mercury-resistant bacteria may limit the supply of substrate for methylation processes and, hence, contribute to lowering the risk that methylmercury is being incorporated into the Arctic food chains.
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