Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
John A. D'Elia, George P. Bayliss, Larry A. Weinrauch
Summary: Cardiorenal syndrome, the end-stage of heart failure and kidney disease combination, is a serious condition that is influenced by factors such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertension, and renal impairment. Current therapy focuses on improving hemodynamic factors destructive to both the heart and kidney, but there have been limited advances in this area.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Piotr Lagosz, Jan Biegus, Szymon Urban, Robert Zymlinski
Summary: Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a complex and heterogeneous spectrum of symptoms that has posed challenges for cardiologists for many years. The coexistence of heart failure (HF) and deteriorated renal function adds to these challenges and is a strong predictor of poor outcomes. However, with the development of new renal assessment methods, we now have the opportunity to treat CRS more effectively than ever before. This review focuses on explaining the pathophysiology, recent advances, and current practices of monitoring renal function in patients with acute CRS, aiming to improve patient care and guide treatment strategies.
Review
Urology & Nephrology
Ana Belen Mendez, Maria Antonieta Azancot, Aleix Olivella, Maria Jose Soler
Summary: Cardiorenal syndrome is a complex disease affecting the heart and kidneys simultaneously. Diagnostic tools include biomarkers, pulmonary ultrasound, monitoring of inferior vena cava size, and studying renal venous patterns. New drugs offer potential therapeutic strategies for treating this disease. Multidisciplinary teamwork can also reduce patient visits and hospitalizations.
CLINICAL KIDNEY JOURNAL
(2022)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Giovanni Goffredo, Roberta Barone, Vito Di Terlizzi, Michele Correale, Natale Daniele Brunetti, Massimo Iacoviello
Summary: Cardiorenal syndrome is a clinical manifestation of the bidirectional interaction between heart and kidney diseases. Multiple biomarkers have been studied over recent years to better assess renal function and identify patients at risk of chronic or acute worsening of kidney function. This review aims to discuss the potential clinical utility of the latest biomarkers in the context of cardiorenal syndrome.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Rainer U. Pliquett
Summary: Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) refers to progressive dysfunction of both the heart and the kidney. This mini review discusses the pathomechanisms and clinical hallmarks of chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease, and proposes an updated classification for CRS. This classification takes into account the etiology, course of the disease, presence of valvular heart disease, and volume status.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Manuel Mendez-Bailon, Noel Lorenzo-Villalba, Alvaro Gonzalez-Franco, Luis Manzano, Jesus Casado-Cerrada, Jose M. Cerqueiro, Jose Perez-Silvestre, Jose Carlos Arevalo-Lorido, Alicia Conde-Martel, Meliton Francisco Davila-Ramos, Margarita Carrera-Izquierdo, Emmanuel Andres, Manuel Montero-Perez-Barquero
Summary: The UMIPIC program, which focuses on holistic and ongoing care, effectively reduces both hospital admissions and mortality rates for HF and CRS patients after a one-year follow-up period.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Critical Care Medicine
Zaccaria Ricci, Stefano Romagnoli, Claudio Ronco
Summary: Cardiorenal syndrome is common in patients with initial severe forms of heart or kidney failure, with a tight bidirectional link between these two organs. Critically ill patients may develop cardiorenal syndrome in the context of multiple organ failure, and prolonged artificial organ support in end-stage failure can lead to a novel form of the syndrome. Pediatric cardiorenal syndrome is typical after cardiac surgery, but a new classification reveals its frequent occurrence in frail patients.
CRITICAL CARE CLINICS
(2021)
Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Shuqing Shi, Bingxuan Zhang, Yumeng Li, Xia Xu, Jiayu Lv, Qiulei Jia, Ruoning Chai, Wenjing Xue, Yuan Li, Yajiao Wang, Huaqin Wu, Qingqiao Song, Yuanhui Hu
Summary: The communication between the heart and kidney is bidirectional and regulated by complex hemodynamic factors, biochemical and hormonal pathways. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a crucial role in heart failure and chronic kidney disease, and may also be central in the development and progression of cardiorenal syndrome.
FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Ana Belen Mendez Fernandez, Ander Vergara Arana, Aleix Olivella San Emeterio, Maria Antonieta Azancot Rivero, Toni Soriano Colome, Maria Jose Soler Romeo
Summary: Cardiorenal syndrome refers to the involvement of both the heart and kidney, where the deterioration of one leads to dysfunction of the other. Diabetes mellitus carries a higher risk of heart failure and poor prognosis, and nearly half of diabetic patients develop chronic kidney disease, making diabetes the main cause of kidney failure. The presence of cardiorenal syndrome and diabetes increases the risk of hospitalization and mortality. Cardiorenal units, with a multidisciplinary team and various diagnostic tools, offer holistic management for patients with cardio-renal-metabolic conditions.
FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
(2023)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Jialun Zhang, Peining Zhu, Siyu Li, Yufei Gao, Yue Xing
Summary: Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), a metabolite of gut microbiota, has been found to play a role in the pathophysiological progression of heart and renal diseases and significantly affect outcomes in chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease. However, its association with cardiorenal syndrome is still uncertain.
FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Angelos C. Mitsas, Mohamed Elzawawi, Sophie Mavrogeni, Michael Boekels, Asim Khan, Mahmoud Eldawy, Ioannis Stamatakis, Dimitrios Kouris, Baraa Daboul, Oliver Gunkel, Boris Bigalke, Ludger van Gisteren, Saif Almaghrabi, Michel Noutsias
Summary: Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a disease where heart failure and renal failure are closely intertwined. Diagnosis requires various tools including imaging, volume measurement, hemodynamic monitoring, and biomarkers. Timely diagnosis and treatment, including medication and devices, are crucial for improving prognosis. Biomarkers such as albuminuria and cystatin C are used for prognosis assessment.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Wendy McCallum, Jeffrey M. Testani
Summary: The term CRS refers to a range of disorders involving the heart and kidneys, with pathways between the two organs mediated through low arterial perfusion, venous congestion, and neurohormonal activation. Several trials of pharmacological agents have shown improved cardiovascular and kidney outcomes, especially in chronic ambulatory patients. Management for ADHF focuses on decongestion and overcoming the intense sodium and fluid avidity of the CRS.
MEDICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA
(2023)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Maria Valero-Munoz, Albin Oh, Elizabeth Faudoa, Rosa Breton-Romero, Fatima El Adili, Andreea Bujor, Flora Sam
Summary: This study identified significant evidence of endothelial-mesenchymal transition (endo-MT) in both mice and human endothelial cells with HFpEF and the cardiorenal syndrome, highlighting potential therapeutic implications for drug development in HFpEF patients with concomitant renal dysfunction.
CIRCULATION-HEART FAILURE
(2021)
Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Edmund Y. M. Chung, Katie Trinh, Jennifer Li, Sebastian Hayden Hahn, Zoltan H. Endre, Natasha M. Rogers, Stephen I. Alexander
Summary: Heart and kidney failure often coexist and result in high morbidity and mortality rates. This complex bi-directional dysfunction, known as cardiorenal syndrome, can be caused by acute or chronic dysfunction in either organ or systemic diseases. Traditional biomarkers are limited in their ability to provide early and accurate diagnosis of cardiorenal syndrome. New biomarkers have the potential to assess the relative roles of various pathophysiological pathways and aid in diagnosis and treatment.
FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Kai-Ting Chang, Hsuan-Fu Kuo, Yu-Han Chang, Yu-Tsang Wang, Lii-Jia Yang, Sheng-Wen Niu, I-Ching Kuo, Yumay Chen, Zhi-Hong Wen, Chi-Chih Hung, Jer-Ming Chang, Hugo Y. -H Lin
Summary: This study aimed to examine the association between digoxin usage and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiorenal syndrome. The results showed that the all-cause mortality rate is significantly higher in digoxin users, especially in the subgroup with a daily dose of 0.26-0.75. Digoxin usage increases the risk of congestive heart failure hospitalization but reduces the probability of coronary artery disease hospitalization. Additionally, digoxin usage accelerates renal function deterioration and increases the risk of entering end-stage renal disease.
FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
(2023)