Relationship of nitric oxide synthase induction to peroxynitrite-mediated oxidative damage during the first week after experimental traumatic brain injury

We have previously shown the pathophysiological importance of the reactive nitrogen species peroxynitrite (PN) formed from the reaction of nitric oxide (center dot NO) and superoxide (O-2(center dot-)) radicals and its involvement in lipid peroxidation (LP) and protein nitration damage in brain tissue following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Nitric oxide is produced by at least three isoforms of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) including: endothelial NOS (eNOS) in the CNS vasculature, neuronal NOS (nNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS) in macrophages/microglia. In view of the requirement of center dot NO synthesis for PN formation, we sought to address the time course of NOS expression (mRNA by real time quantitative PCR and protein by western blot) after TBI in comparison with the time course of PN-mediated protein nitration (3-nitrotyrosine, 3-NT) in ipsilateral cortex (CTX) and hippocampus (HIPP) between 3 hours and 1 week post-injury using a controlled cortical impact (CCI) mouse model of TBI in young adult CF-1 mice. Protein nitration showed a progressive posttraumatic increase that became significant in CTX at 24 hours and then peaked at 72 hours in both CTX and HIPP. During the increase in PN-derived 3-NT, there was no increase in either CTX or HIPP eNOS mRNA levels, whereas eNOS protein levels were significantly (p<0.05) increased at 48 and 72 hours in both brain regions. There was a significant decrease in HIPP, but not CTX nNOS mRNA; however, nNOS protein did not change except for a significant increase in CTX at 1 week. There was significantly increased CTX and HIPP iNOS mRNA levels at 24, 48, and 72 hours (p<.05) post-injury. In contrast, no change was seen in CTX or HIPP iNOS protein at any timepoint. Taken together, eNOS protein expression and iNOS mRNA appear to bear a coincident temporal relationship to the time course of PN-mediated protein nitrative damage after CCI-TBI suggesting that both constitutive and inducible NOS isoforms contribute center dot NO for PN formation and 3-NT protein modification after TBI. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.