Article
Construction & Building Technology
Radoslav Sovjak, Ondrej Koutny, Petr Hala
Summary: This study aimed to determine the resistance of various building materials against projectile penetration using the depth-of-penetration (DOP) test and established ballistic factors. The findings suggest that the ballistic efficiency factors vary significantly depending on the material used, allowing for identification of materials with different levels of penetration resistance. Engineers, architects, and contractors can use the inferences drawn from this study to assess perforation resistance of building materials for optimizing their use against high-speed projectile impact.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
M. J. Forrestal, T. L. Warren, J. K. Holmen
Summary: The paper validates the scaling law proposed earlier for the ballistic-limit velocity, showing it to be accurate for various aluminum alloys, plate thicknesses, and yield strengths.
JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Guodong Guo, Shah Alam, Larry D. Peel
Summary: This study investigates the effect of a Kevlar-29 composite cover layer on a bilayer ceramic/composite armor system through experimental testing and finite element simulation, demonstrating that the cover layer can improve the ballistic resistance of the armor system by dissipating energy and influencing the fracture process of the ceramic tile. A high bond strength at the interface between the cover layer and the ceramic tile can further enhance the energy dissipating capability of the armor system.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Erdal Camci, Mehmet Caliskan, Ilyas Berkay Tural, Ozgecan Ergu, Fehim Findik
Summary: This study measured the impact resistance of a steel internal structure fixed with screws and bent at a 90-degree angle to deflect bullets. The ballistic performance of the designed armor system against 7.62 mm armor-piercing projectiles was examined both experimentally and numerically. The experimental results showed significant ballistic performance in the investigated aluminum-steel-aluminum sheet structures.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRECISION ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Yuan Xie, Tao Wang, Liangmo Wang, Yong Yang, Xiaowei Sha
Summary: This paper proposes a novel SiC/TC4/UHMWPE laminates multi-layered composite armor to resist the threat of 7.62 mm armor piercing projectile. A finite element model (FEM) is created to investigate the ballistic performance of the composite structure. The simulation results demonstrate that the SiC/TC4/UHMWPE laminates composite structure has superior ballistic performance compared to other systems. The different roles of SiC plate, TC4 plate, and UHMWPE laminates backplane can enhance each other's protection, providing an innovative way to improve the ballistic performance under high-velocity impacts.
CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Li Ding, Xiaohui Gu, Peihui Shen, Xiangsheng Kong
Summary: This study designs a composite armor made of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) laminates and Q235 steel face sheets, and analyzes its ballistic performance, failure mechanism, and ballistic limit through experimental and numerical simulation. The experimental and numerical results are consistent, providing necessary data for analyzing the dynamic response of composite structures under the impact of sharp head penetrators.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
M. J. Forrestal, T. L. Warren
Summary: We propose cylindrical cavity-expansion perforation equations for 7.62 mm APM2 bullets perforating steel plates, which accurately describe the perforation process and are consistent with previous research findings.
JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Medicine, Legal
Bandula Nishshanka, Chris Shepherd, M. A. Punyasena
Summary: This study explores the ricochet behavior and surface evidence of AK bullets on glazed ceramic tile surfaces. The results provide critical angles and significant surface mark characteristics for forensic investigations. The study emphasizes the need for case-by-case empirical approaches to understand ricochet behavior.
FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL
(2022)
Article
Medicine, Legal
Bandula Nishshanka, Chris Shepherd, L. Koene, M. A. Punyasena, Randika Ariyarathna
Summary: This empirical study explores the close-range post-ricochet orientations of AK bullets, revealing the specific movement trajectories of bullets when ricocheting off different surfaces and providing important new information for future shooting event reconstructions.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Apichart Jinnapat, Patchayapon Doungkom, Kritkeaw Somton, Kannigar Dateraksa
Summary: The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of composite armor against 7.62 mm ballistic threats. It used a sandwich panel construction consisting of alumina ceramic, aluminum alloy, and aluminum to create hard armor. The ballistic test results showed that the armor can resist the impact of 7.62 mm projectiles without penetration. The study suggests that this composite armor design could be used in military vehicle applications.
JOURNAL OF METALS MATERIALS AND MINERALS
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
L. Y. Xu, H. M. Wen
Summary: An understanding of the response and perforation of thin plates to high speed rod impact is crucial for the design and evaluation of protective structures in various applications. This study presents a theoretical and numerical investigation on the perforation of thin metallic plates struck by long rods at velocities greater than 1.5 km/s. A new theoretical model for erosion length and an empirical equation for hole diameter are developed, which show good correlation with numerical simulations and provide more consistent results compared to existing equations.
MECHANICS BASED DESIGN OF STRUCTURES AND MACHINES
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Jindrich Vilis, Vlastimil Neumann, Roman Vitek, Jan Zouhar, Zdenek Pokorny, Milan Marek
Summary: This article investigates the ballistic impact of the 7.62 mm FMJ M80 rifle projectile on laminated Twaron/UHMWPE composite armor and evaluates its resistance. The experimental results show that the designed armor was not penetrated and is suitable for armor protection.
JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE
(2023)
Proceedings Paper
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Saurabh Bagwe, Supreet Thale, Prathamesh Sawant, M. J. Pawar
Summary: This research examines the performance of different monolithic armor materials of varying thickness under the impact of 7.62 mm Armor Piercing bullets, concluding that Armor Steel tempered at 200°C demonstrates superior ballistic performance in stopping the bullets.
MATERIALS TODAY-PROCEEDINGS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
M. J. Forrestal, T. L. Warren
Summary: In a previous paper, a ballistic data and a cylindrical, cavity-expansion model were introduced to predict the ballistic limit and residual velocities for the perforation of aluminum plates by rigid, ogive-nose, rod projectiles. However, the previous model assumed an infinite plate diameter. This note presents another model that takes into account the effect of a finite plate diameter.
JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
T. Fras
Summary: The discussed laminated steel-elastomer armor utilizes the rapid deformation of the rubber interlayer to cause 'bulging' in the side steel plates, affecting the penetration of long and slender kinetic-energy projectiles made with a tungsten alloy. The study demonstrates that these projectiles tend to fracture upon asymmetric contact with the deforming plates.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIPHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Kristoffer A. Brekken, Ole Vestrum, Sumita Dey, Aase Reyes, Tore Borvik
Summary: Sandwich structures consisting of thin skins encapsulating a cellular core are excellent energy absorbents. This study investigated the ballistic impact response of an aluminium foam with a complex cell structure through experimental and numerical methods. The results showed that X-ray Micro Computed Tomography (XRMCT) data are important for optimizing and improving the behavior of inhomogeneous foams.
Correction
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
M. J. Forrestal, T. L. Warren
JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Aerospace
R. M. Faergestad, J. K. Holmen, T. Berstad, T. Cardone, K. A. Ford, T. Borvik
Summary: Hypervelocity impacts (HVIs) caused by orbital debris pose an increasing threat to spacecraft in low Earth orbit, highlighting the need for effective shielding. This study used a coupled finite element-discrete element method (FEM/DEM) to model HVIs on debris shields. Experimental data was used to validate the results, and simulations were conducted to study the formation of debris clouds and investigate key model parameters.
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Benjamin Stavnar Elveli, Ole Vestrum, Knut Ove Hauge, Torodd Berstad, Tore Borvik, Vegard Aune
Summary: This study evaluates the effect of complex, partially confined detonations on thin steel plates with realistic pre-formed defects. It is found that target plates with pre-cut circular holes show better fracture resistance under blast loading compared to plates with initial ballistic impact.
ENGINEERING FAILURE ANALYSIS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
M. J. Forrestal, T. L. Warren
Summary: In a previous paper, a ballistic data and a cylindrical, cavity-expansion model were introduced to predict the ballistic limit and residual velocities for the perforation of aluminum plates by rigid, ogive-nose, rod projectiles. However, the previous model assumed an infinite plate diameter. This note presents another model that takes into account the effect of a finite plate diameter.
JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
T. L. Warren, J. Johnsen, M. Kristoffersen, T. Borvik
Summary: A comparison is made between analytical solutions, using strong formulations, and finite element method (FEM) simulations for both strain hardening and perfectly plastic dynamic cylindrical cavity-expansion (CCE) problems. It is concluded that the elastically compressible strain hardening FEM solution is less resistive than the corresponding closed form analytical solution with an incompressible plastic region as the cavity-expansion velocities increase. Additionally, it is shown that the elastic-plastic interface velocity asymptotes at the bulk wave speed for completely elastically compressible solutions. The completely elastically compressible solutions remain valid for cavity-expansion velocities beyond the critical cavity-expansion velocity associated with the closed-form analytical strain hardening solution.
JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Vetle Espeseth, David Morin, Tore Borvik, Odd Sture Hopperstad
Summary: This paper presents a gradient-based non-local GTN model to solve the pathological mesh dependency problem in finite element simulation of strain-softening materials. The porosity is averaged using an implicit gradient model, and the gradient model is implemented in Abaqus/Explicit. The proposed approach can effectively remedy the mesh dependency problem and accurately predict the fracture mode of the material.
ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Lars Edvard Blystad Daehli, Joakim Johnsen, Torodd Berstad, Tore Borvik, Odd Sture Hopperstad
Summary: When metals undergo plastic deformation through dislocation motion, a portion of the plastic work is stored in the material while the rest is dissipated as heat. This study aims to calculate the Taylor-Quinney coefficient as a function of plastic deformation using an experimental-numerical approach. The experimental data was obtained from tension tests on notched specimens and correlated with temperature measurements using infrared cameras.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Thomas L. Warren
Summary: In this study, the use of the boundary element method (BEM) in the frequency domain with an off-boundary technique was investigated for solving elastodynamic problems and studying the scattering of elastic waves. The validity of the method was verified by considering two spherical cavities and comparing the results with existing ones. The interaction effects caused by elastodynamic scattering were analyzed.
Article
Engineering, Civil
Andria Antoniou, Tore Borvik, Martin Kristoffersen
Summary: This study investigates the simulation of high-strength concrete under ballistic impact and evaluates the accuracy of parameter generators and inverse modeling approaches to obtain input data for concrete material models. The results show significant variations in the parameters generated by different models, but improved results can be achieved through inverse modeling using standardized material tests. The study recommends caution when using automatic parameter generators and suggests a simplified calibration approach for designing concrete protective structures.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Physics, Applied
Kim Robert Tekseth, Jonas Rudshaug, Mahdieh Gholami Mayani, Muhammad Nadeem Akram, Tore Borvik, Dag Werner Breiby
Summary: Glass is increasingly used as a load-carrying construction material, making the investigation of its mechanical properties and surface defects crucial. This study demonstrates the use of Fourier ptychographic microscopy to detect and measure glass surface defects through quantitative phase images. The proposed technique allows for quantitative and scalable defect analysis over extended areas, which can contribute to better mechanical models for predicting glass failure.
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Jonas Rudshaug, Odd Sture Hopperstad, Tore Borvik
Summary: To develop accurate material models for glass, reliable experimental procedures are needed to capture the stochastic nature of the material. In this study, we conducted experiments on different windshields under quasi-static loading to reveal their stochastic behavior. We used 3D-Digital Image Correlation (3D-DIC) and high-speed cameras combined with pose estimation-based post-processing to monitor displacement field and capture fracture initiation and crack propagation data. Finite element simulations were also performed to estimate major principal stress values. The results from this study provided valuable data for the development of numerical models.
ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Kristin Qvale, Odd Sture Hopperstad, David Morin, Tore Borvik
Summary: Numerical simulation is increasingly important in the automotive industry for the development of crash components, as it allows for accurate predictions of deformation and fracture behavior. This study aims to predict crash behavior using explicit finite element simulations and a porous plasticity model, and compares the results to CT scans of the profiles. While the simulations accurately represent important features, such as folding pattern and fracture initiation, there is still room for improvement in dynamic simulations.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Kristoffer A. Brekken, Maria S. Bakk, Sumita Dey, Torodd Berstad, Aase Reyes, Tore Borvik
Summary: Sandwich structures with an inhomogeneous aluminium foam as core material and thin aluminium plates as skins were subjected to ballistic impact tests. Numerical models were able to reproduce the complex response of the sandwich panel.
Article
Mechanics
Jonas Rudshaug, Karoline Osnes Aasen, Odd Sture Hopperstad, Tore Borvik
Summary: This article proposes a new glass strength prediction model (GSPM) that captures the fracture initiation nature of glass plates. The model combines the theories of linear elastic fracture mechanics and sub-critical crack growth to generate representative fracture strength distributions. It also provides the option to trigger fracture in constitutive models for investigating interdependent fracture initiation behavior. The GSPM shows great promise in terms of usability and prediction capacity for glass structures.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES
(2023)