A chemical survey of exoplanets with ARIEL

The ARIEL mission reference sample

(2018) Tiziano Zingales et al.   EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY

The contribution of the ARIEL space mission to the study of planetary formation

(2018) D. Turrini et al.   EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY

Stellar pulsation and granulation as noise sources in exoplanet transit spectroscopy in the ARIEL space mission

(2018) Subhajit Sarkar et al.   MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY

Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1

(2017) Michaël Gillon et al.   NATURE

Disentangling planetary and stellar activity features in the CoRoT-2 light curve

(2016) G. Bruno et al.   ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

First light of the VLT planet finder SPHERE

(2016) A. Zurlo et al.   ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

Planet formation with envelope enrichment: new insights on planetary diversity

(2016) Julia Venturini et al.   ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

The ExoMol database: Molecular line lists for exoplanet and other hot atmospheres

(2016) Jonathan Tennyson et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY

A map of the large day–night temperature gradient of a super-Earth exoplanet

(2016) Brice-Olivier Demory et al.   NATURE

A combined transmission spectrum of the Earth-sized exoplanets TRAPPIST-1 b and c

(2016) Julien de Wit et al.   NATURE

Temperate Earth-sized planets transiting a nearby ultracool dwarf star

(2016) Michaël Gillon et al.   NATURE

Disentangling planetary and stellar activity features in the CoRoT-2 light curve

(2016) G. Bruno et al.   ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

First light of the VLT planet finder SPHERE

(2016) A. Zurlo et al.   ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

Planet formation with envelope enrichment: new insights on planetary diversity

(2016) Julia Venturini et al.   ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

New chemical scheme for studying carbon-rich exoplanet atmospheres

(2015) Olivia Venot et al.   ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

Generation of an optimal target list for the exoplanet characterisation observatory (EChO)

(2015) R. Varley et al.   EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY

EChOSim: The Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory software simulator

(2015) E. Pascale et al.   EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY

Hot CH4 in the polar regions of Jupiter

(2015) Sang Joon Kim et al.   ICARUS

On the potentially dramatic history of the super-Earth ρ 55 Cancri e

(2015) Bradley M. S. Hansen et al.   MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY

Stellar activity as noise in exoplanet detection – II. Application to M dwarfs

(2015) J. M. Andersen et al.   MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY

Transit spectroscopy with James Webb Space Telescope: systematics, starspots and stitching

(2015) J. K. Barstow et al.   MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY

Flare stars across the H–R diagram

(2015) L. A. Balona   MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY

A continuum from clear to cloudy hot-Jupiter exoplanets without primordial water depletion

(2015) David K. Sing et al.   NATURE

A disintegrating minor planet transiting a white dwarf

(2015) Andrew Vanderburg et al.   NATURE

Probing exoplanet clouds with optical phase curves

(2015) Antonio García Muñoz et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Characterizing Transiting Planet Atmospheres through 2025

(2015) N. B. Cowan et al.   PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC

Discovery and spectroscopy of the young jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager

(2015) B. Macintosh et al.   SCIENCE

New chemical scheme for studying carbon-rich exoplanet atmospheres

(2015) Olivia Venot et al.   ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

Pseudo 2D chemical model of hot-Jupiter atmospheres: application to HD 209458b and HD 189733b

(2014) Marcelino Agúndez et al.   ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

WATER VAPOR IN THE SPECTRUM OF THE EXTRASOLAR PLANET HD 189733b. I. THE TRANSIT

(2014) P. R. McCullough et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

A NEW LOOK ATSPITZERPRIMARY TRANSIT OBSERVATIONS OF THE EXOPLANET HD 189733b

(2014) G. Morello et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

0.94-2.42 μm GROUND-BASED TRANSMISSION SPECTRA OF THE HOT JUPITER HD-189733b

(2014) C. Danielski et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

THE KEPLER-10 PLANETARY SYSTEM REVISITED BY HARPS-N: A HOT ROCKY WORLD AND A SOLID NEPTUNE-MASS PLANET

(2014) Xavier Dumusque et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

STELLAR GRANULATION AS THE SOURCE OF HIGH-FREQUENCY FLICKER INKEPLERLIGHT CURVES

(2014) Steven R. Cranmer et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

The phase 0/A study of the ESA M3 mission candidate EChO

(2014) Ludovic Puig et al.   EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY

Data analysis pipeline for EChO end-to-end simulations

(2014) Ingo P. Waldmann et al.   EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY

Correcting EChO data for stellar activity by direct scaling of activity signals

(2014) E. Herrero et al.   EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY

The contribution of the major planet search surveys to EChO target selection

(2014) Giuseppina Micela et al.   EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY

EChO spectra and stellar activity II. The case of dM stars

(2014) Gaetano Scandariato et al.   EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY

Transit spectroscopy of exoplanets from space: how to optimize the wavelength coverage and spectral resolving power

(2014) T. Encrenaz et al.   EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY

Artificial intelligence for the EChO mission planning tool

(2014) Alvaro Garcia-Piquer et al.   EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY

Scheduling the EChO survey with known exoplanets

(2014) J. C. Morales et al.   EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY

On the (anticipated) diversity of terrestrial planet atmospheres

(2014) Jérémy Leconte et al.   EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY

The role of planetary formation and evolution in shaping the composition of exoplanetary atmospheres

(2014) D. Turrini et al.   EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY

The gaia survey contribution to EChO target selection and characterization

(2014) Alessandro Sozzetti et al.   EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY

EChO spectra and stellar activity – I

(2014) Giuseppina Micela   EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY

The PLATO 2.0 mission

(2014) H. Rauer et al.   EXPERIMENTAL ASTRONOMY

Measuring Jupiter's water abundance by Juno: the link between interior and formation models

(2014) R. Helled et al.   MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY

Colour–magnitude diagrams of transiting Exoplanets – II. A larger sample from photometric distances

(2014) Amaury H. M. J. Triaud et al.   MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY

The effect of Lyman α radiation on mini-Neptune atmospheres around M stars: application to GJ 436b

(2014) Yamila Miguel et al.   MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY

Water vapour absorption in the clear atmosphere of a Neptune-sized exoplanet

(2014) Jonathan Fraine et al.   NATURE

Fast spin of the young extrasolar planet β Pictoris b

(2014) Ignas A. G. Snellen et al.   NATURE

Possible climates on terrestrial exoplanets

(2014) F. Forget et al.   PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES

Exploring exoplanet populations with NASA's Kepler Mission

(2014) N. M. Batalha   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Spectrum of hot methane in astronomical objects using a comprehensive computed line list

(2014) Sergei N. Yurchenko et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Observations of Transiting Exoplanets with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)

(2014) Charles Beichman et al.   PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC

The K2 Mission: Characterization and Early Results

(2014) Steve B. Howell et al.   PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC

Thermal structure of an exoplanet atmosphere from phase-resolved emission spectroscopy

(2014) K. B. Stevenson et al.   SCIENCE

Spectroscopy of planetary atmospheres in our Galaxy

(2013) Giovanna Tinetti et al.   ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS REVIEW

ON SIGNALS FAINT AND SPARSE: THE ACICA ALGORITHM FOR BLIND DE-TRENDING OF EXOPLANETARY TRANSITS WITH LOW SIGNAL-TO-NOISE

(2013) I. P. Waldmann   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

EVIDENCE FOR A NUCLEAR RADIO JET AND ITS STRUCTURE DOWN TO ≲100 SCHWARZSCHILD RADII IN THE CENTER OF THE SOMBRERO GALAXY (M 104, NGC 4594)

(2013) Kazuhiro Hada et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

OPTICAL-TO-NEAR-INFRARED SIMULTANEOUS OBSERVATIONS FOR THE HOT URANUS GJ3470b: A HINT OF A CLOUD-FREE ATMOSPHERE

(2013) Akihiko Fukui et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OFKEPLERPLANET-CANDIDATE HOST STARS USING ASTEROSEISMOLOGY

(2013) Daniel Huber et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

BULK COMPOSITION OF GJ 1214b AND OTHER SUB-NEPTUNE EXOPLANETS

(2013) Diana Valencia et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

BLIND EXTRACTION OF AN EXOPLANETARY SPECTRUM THROUGH INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS

(2013) I. P. Waldmann et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

HSTSPECTRAL MAPPING OF L/T TRANSITION BROWN DWARFS REVEALS CLOUD THICKNESS VARIATIONS

(2013) Dániel Apai et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

THE FALSE POSITIVE RATE OFKEPLERAND THE OCCURRENCE OF PLANETS

(2013) François Fressin et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

INFRARED TRANSMISSION SPECTROSCOPY OF THE EXOPLANETS HD 209458b AND XO-1b USING THE WIDE FIELD CAMERA-3 ON THEHUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE

(2013) Drake Deming et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

INFERENCE OF INHOMOGENEOUS CLOUDS IN AN EXOPLANET ATMOSPHERE

(2013) Brice-Olivier Demory et al.   Astrophysical Journal Letters

On the potential of the EChO mission to characterize gas giant atmospheres

(2013) J. K. Barstow et al.   MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY

Constraining the atmosphere of GJ 1214b using an optimal estimation technique

(2013) J. K. Barstow et al.   MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY

A featureless transmission spectrum for the Neptune-mass exoplanet GJ 436b

(2013) Heather A. Knutson et al.   NATURE

Clouds in the atmosphere of the super-Earth exoplanet GJ 1214b

(2013) Laura Kreidberg et al.   NATURE

Planet-Disk Interaction and Orbital Evolution

(2012) W. Kley et al.   Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Building Terrestrial Planets

(2012) A. Morbidelli et al.   Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences

A chemical model for the atmosphere of hot Jupiters

(2012) O. Venot et al.   ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

Towards consistent mapping of distant worlds: secondary-eclipse scanning of the exoplanet HD 189733b

(2012) J. de Wit et al.   ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

A new vision of giant planet interiors: Impact of double diffusive convection

(2012) J. Leconte et al.   ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

The impact of atmospheric circulation on the chemistry of the hot Jupiter HD 209458b

(2012) M. Agúndez et al.   ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

Multiwavelength flux variations induced by stellar magnetic activity: effects on planetary transits

(2012) P. Ballerini et al.   ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

OF “COCKTAIL PARTIES” AND EXOPLANETS

(2012) I. P. Waldmann   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

MULTI-WAVELENGTH CHARACTERIZATION OF STELLAR FLARES ON LOW-MASS STARS USING SDSS AND 2MASS TIME-DOMAIN SURVEYS

(2012) James R. A. Davenport et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

OUTCOMES AND DURATION OF TIDAL EVOLUTION IN A STAR-PLANET-MOON SYSTEM

(2012) Takashi Sasaki et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

IN SITU ACCRETION OF HYDROGEN-RICH ATMOSPHERES ON SHORT-PERIOD SUPER-EARTHS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE KEPLER-11 PLANETS

(2012) M. Ikoma et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

TRANSIT TIMING OBSERVATIONS FROMKEPLER. IV. CONFIRMATION OF FOUR MULTIPLE-PLANET SYSTEMS BY SIMPLE PHYSICAL MODELS

(2012) Daniel C. Fabrycky et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

THE FLAT TRANSMISSION SPECTRUM OF THE SUPER-EARTH GJ1214b FROM WIDE FIELD CAMERA 3 ON THEHUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE

(2012) Zachory K. Berta et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

TRANSMISSION SPECTROSCOPY OF EXOPLANET XO-2b OBSERVED WITHHUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPENICMOS

(2012) N. Crouzet et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

THE HUNT FOR EXOMOONS WITHKEPLER(HEK). I. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW OBSERVATIONAL PROJECT

(2012) D. M. Kipping et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

A TWO-DIMENSIONAL INFRARED MAP OF THE EXTRASOLAR PLANET HD 189733b

(2012) Carl Majeau et al.   Astrophysical Journal Letters

A KINETIC DATABASE FOR ASTROCHEMISTRY (KIDA)

(2012) V. Wakelam et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES

ExoMol: molecular line lists for exoplanet and other atmospheres

(2012) Jonathan Tennyson et al.   MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY

The signature of orbital motion from the dayside of the planet τ Boötis b

(2012) Matteo Brogi et al.   NATURE

One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations

(2012) A. Cassan et al.   NATURE

THE IMPLICATIONS OF M DWARF FLARES ON THE DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF EXOPLANETS AT INFRARED WAVELENGTHS

(2011) Benjamin M. Tofflemire et al.   ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL

LATE ORBITAL INSTABILITIES IN THE OUTER PLANETS INDUCED BY INTERACTION WITH A SELF-GRAVITATING PLANETESIMAL DISK

(2011) Harold F. Levison et al.   ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL

Amplitudes of solar-like oscillations: a new scaling relation

(2011) H. Kjeldsen et al.   ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

METHANE IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF THE TRANSITING HOT NEPTUNE GJ436B?

(2011) J.-P. Beaulieu et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

NON-DETECTION OFL-BAND LINE EMISSION FROM THE EXOPLANET HD189733b

(2011) Avi M. Mandell et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

GROUND-BASED NEAR-INFRARED EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY OF HD 189733B

(2011) I. P. Waldmann et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

DISEQUILIBRIUM CARBON, OXYGEN, AND NITROGEN CHEMISTRY IN THE ATMOSPHERES OF HD 189733b AND HD 209458b

(2011) Julianne I. Moses et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

COMPOSITIONS OF HOT SUPER-EARTH ATMOSPHERES: EXPLORINGKEPLERCANDIDATES

(2011) Y. Miguel et al.   Astrophysical Journal Letters

The extreme physical properties of the CoRoT-7b super-Earth

(2011) A. Léger et al.   ICARUS

Optimal estimation retrievals of the atmospheric structure and composition of HD 189733b from secondary eclipse spectroscopy

(2011) J.-M. Lee et al.   MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY

A closely packed system of low-mass, low-density planets transiting Kepler-11

(2011) Jack J. Lissauer et al.   NATURE

PHOTOMETRIC VARIABILITY INKEPLERTARGET STARS. II. AN OVERVIEW OF AMPLITUDE, PERIODICITY, AND ROTATION IN FIRST QUARTER DATA

(2010) Gibor Basri et al.   ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL

Is Gliese 581d habitable? Some constraints from radiative-convective climate modeling

(2010) R. D. Wordsworth et al.   ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

A NEW 24 μm PHASE CURVE FOR υ ANDROMEDAE b

(2010) Ian J. M. Crossfield et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

OBSERVATIONS OF MASS LOSS FROM THE TRANSITING EXOPLANET HD 209458b

(2010) Jeffrey L. Linsky et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

PROBING THE TERMINATOR REGION ATMOSPHERE OF THE HOT-JUPITER XO-1b WITH TRANSMISSION SPECTROSCOPY

(2010) G. Tinetti et al.   Astrophysical Journal Letters

THE NATURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE OF THE TRANSITING SUPER-EARTH GJ 1214b

(2010) Eliza Miller-Ricci et al.   Astrophysical Journal Letters

METALS IN THE EXOSPHERE OF THE HIGHLY IRRADIATED PLANET WASP-12b

(2010) L. Fossati et al.   Astrophysical Journal Letters

Formation of early water oceans on rocky planets

(2010) Linda T. Elkins-Tanton   ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE

Water in the atmosphere of HD 209458b from 3.6-8 μm IRAC photometric observations in primary transit

(2010) J. P. Beaulieu et al.   MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY

The orbital motion, absolute mass and high-altitude winds of exoplanet HD 209458b

(2010) Ignas A. G. Snellen et al.   NATURE

A ground-based near-infrared emission spectrum of the exoplanet HD 189733b

(2010) Mark R. Swain et al.   NATURE

A ground-based transmission spectrum of the super-Earth exoplanet GJ 1214b

(2010) Jacob L. Bean et al.   NATURE

Kepler-9: A System of Multiple Planets Transiting a Sun-Like Star, Confirmed by Timing Variations

(2010) M. J. Holman et al.   SCIENCE

The CoRoT satellite in flight: description and performance

(2009) M. Auvergne et al.   ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

A STUDY OF THE ACCURACY OF MASS-RADIUS RELATIONSHIPS FOR SILICATE-RICH AND ICE-RICH PLANETS UP TO 100 EARTH MASSES

(2009) O. Grasset et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

A TEMPERATURE AND ABUNDANCE RETRIEVAL METHOD FOR EXOPLANET ATMOSPHERES

(2009) N. Madhusudhan et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

Rapid heating of the atmosphere of an extrasolar planet

(2009) Gregory Laughlin et al.   NATURE

Calculation of the enrichment of the giant planet envelopes during the “late heavy bombardment”

(2009) A. Matter et al.   PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE

Kepler Asteroseismology Program: Introduction and First Results

(2009) Ronald L. Gilliland et al.   PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC

Kepler's Optical Phase Curve of the Exoplanet HAT-P-7b

(2009) W. J. Borucki et al.   SCIENCE

Structure and evolution of super-Earth to super-Jupiter exoplanets

(2008) I. Baraffe et al.   ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

A grid of MARCS model atmospheres for late-type stars

(2008) B. Gustafsson et al.   ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

Five Planets Orbiting 55 Cancri

(2008) Debra A. Fischer et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

Atmospheric Circulation of Close‐in Extrasolar Giant Planets. I. Global, Barotropic, Adiabatic Simulations

(2008) James Y‐K. Cho et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

Ocean Planet or Thick Atmosphere: On the Mass‐Radius Relationship for Solid Exoplanets with Massive Atmospheres

(2008) E. R. Adams et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

Theoretical Spectra and Light Curves of Close‐in Extrasolar Giant Planets and Comparison with Data

(2008) A. Burrows et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

MOLECULAR SIGNATURES IN THE NEAR-INFRARED DAYSIDE SPECTRUM OF HD 189733b

(2008) M. R. Swain et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

The Broadband Infrared Emission Spectrum of the Exoplanet HD 189733b

(2008) David Charbonneau et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

Sodium Absorption from the Exoplanetary Atmosphere of HD 189733b Detected in the Optical Transmission Spectrum

(2008) Seth Redfield et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

The Very Low Albedo of an Extrasolar Planet:MOSTSpace‐based Photometry of HD 209458

(2008) Jason F. Rowe et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

Dynamical Outcomes of Planet‐Planet Scattering

(2008) Sourav Chatterjee et al.   ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL

The presence of methane in the atmosphere of an extrasolar planet

(2008) Mark R. Swain et al.   NATURE

Strong water absorption in the dayside emission spectrum of the planet HD 189733b

(2008) Carl J. Grillmair et al.   NATURE

Design Considerations for a Ground-Based Transit Search for Habitable Planets Orbiting M Dwarfs

(2008) Philip Nutzman et al.   PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC

The NEMESIS planetary atmosphere radiative transfer and retrieval tool

(2007) P.G.J. Irwin et al.   JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER