Article
Engineering, Chemical
Hui Ye, Yining Zhou, Guodong Yang, Tengfei Yu, Yuzhong Zhang, Lizhi Zhao, Qingping Xin, Shurui Han
Summary: In this study, a pH-responsive membrane was developed for protein fractionation. The membrane successfully separated different milk proteins by controlling the pH value.
POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Paper & Wood
Muhammad Asif Iqbal, Toheed Akhter, Muhammad Faheem, Asif Mahmood, Waheed Al-Masry, Sohail Nadeem, Sadaf Ul Hassan, Chan Ho Park
Summary: We synthesized a thermoresponsive polymer with a narrow molecular weight distribution using organic photo-redox-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP). The O-ATRP was mediated by a photoredox catalyst 1,2,3,5-tetrakis (carbazol-9-yl)-4,6-dicyanobenzene (4CzIPN) under visible light irradiation. The polymerization of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) chains from a hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC)-based macroinitiator was characterized using various analytical methods. The resulting PMMA-grafted HPC (PMMA-g-HPC) showed a widened lower critical solution temperature (LCST) window and an inverse pH dependency of the LCST, making it promising for various applications including drug delivery systems.
Article
Polymer Science
Ergul Meyvaci
Summary: The poly[poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate]-graft-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PPEGMA-g-P2VP) comb-type graft copolymer was synthesized using the ATRP-macromonomeric initiator and 2-vinylpyridine monomer by applying atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) via grafting through strategy. The ATRP-MMI was obtained by homopolymerizing poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate bromide in the presence of 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile by free radical polymerization (FRP) technique. The PPEGMA-g-P2VP comb-type graft copolymer was successfully prepared by ATRP method and the monomer concentration had an effect on dispersity and molecular weight.
JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Florian Baffie, Olivier Boyron, Muriel Lansalot, Vincent Monteil, Franck D'Agosto
Summary: Iodine transfer polymerization was used to produce polyethylene and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate). A comparison of the kinetics and structures of the polymers formed using different iodine and di-iodo chain transfer agents showed that the iodine transfer polymerization method allows for good control of the polymerization process.
Article
Polymer Science
Oleksandr Ivanchenko, Stephane Mazieres, Rinaldo Poli, Simon Harrisson, Mathias Destarac
Summary: In this study, the ring-opening copolymerisation of different-sized thionolactones with vinyl pivalate was mechanistically investigated. The results demonstrated the crucial effect of ring size on the copolymerisation and ring-opening ability of thionolactone, and the importance of stabilizing the intermediate ring-retained radical for thionolactone reactivity was confirmed through experimental and computational methods.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Olessya P. Loiko, Johan P. A. Heuts, Alex M. van Herk
Summary: This article reports the synthesis of polymer-vesicle latex particles using extruded vesicles of DODAB via an atom transfer radical polymerization-based approach. Cryo-TEM characterization reveals that the final morphology of the particles is affected by monomer feed composition and chain length. Protrusions or nanocapsules were synthesized depending on the monomer combinations used.
COLLOID AND POLYMER SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Yi Wu, Bo Liu, Dongmei Cui
Summary: The ultrafast synthesis of core cross-linked star poly(p-methylstyrene) (s-PMS) with syndiotactic arms was achieved through a coupling reaction between the active species of metal-poly(p-methylstyrene) and the cross-linker of divinylbenzene (DVB). By controlling the molecular weight, DVB loading, and coupling time, narrowly distributed s-PMS with high yield was obtained. Compared to linear PMS, s-PMS with the same molecular weight has lower solution viscosity and smaller hydrodynamic radius.
Review
Polymer Science
Digvijayee Pal, Debabrata Konar, Brent S. Sumerlin
Summary: Poly(vinyl ketones) (PVKs) have been extensively studied for their unique photochemistry and photodegradation properties under ultraviolet (UV) light. PVKs rapidly undergo photodegradation through Norrish type I or Norrish type II reaction mechanisms, and the side-chain carbonyl moieties can be easily modified by nucleophilic addition reactions. These properties make PVKs versatile scaffolds for generating functional materials. This review provides an overview of synthetic routes to access well-defined PVKs, their photochemistry and photo-degradation pathways, as well as recent and potential applications of these photodegradable materials.
MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Aurel Diacon, Edina Rusen, Florica Rizea, Adi Ghebaur, Daniela Berger, Raluca Somoghi, Andreea Matei, Petru Palade, Oana Tutunaru
Summary: The study developed an ATRP process for MMA polymerization using Fe(CO)(5) as co-initiator, demonstrating controlled characteristics and producing magnetic PMMA particles. The particles have porous characteristics and magnetic properties, making them suitable for use as catalyst supports, separation processes, or biomedical applications.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Christian Andersen, Libor Zverina, Koosha Ehtiati, Esben Thormann, Hanne Mordhorst, Sunje J. Pamp, Niels J. Madsen, Anders E. Daugaard
Summary: PDMS is a versatile material for biomedical devices, but its hydrophobic nature makes it prone to microbial colonization. This study presents a new method of introducing an ATRP initiator onto the PDMS surface and grafting PDMAEMA brushes using SI-SARA-ATRP to enhance antimicrobial properties. The fast reaction rate and increased antimicrobial activity demonstrate the potential for full-scale exploitation of PDMS in biomedical devices.
Article
Polymer Science
Yi Wang, Francesca Lorandi, Marco Fantin, Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
Summary: Polymerizations in aqueous dispersed media benefit from good heat transfer, low viscosity, low content of volatile compounds, and established industrial use. The implementation of ATRP in dispersed media has highlighted the possibility of achieving improved livingness and producing a variety of macromolecular architectures. ATRP techniques employing low-ppm catalyst loadings have enabled access to a larger variety of polymer architectures and functional polymer particles, which have found applications in molecular recognition, drug delivery, bio-quantification, and advanced coatings.
Article
Polymer Science
Jinmeng Zhang, Tianyi Zhong, Yun Xiang, Xufeng Zhang, Xiyun Feng
Summary: This study successfully fabricated poly(VIM) cryogel with robust mechanical structure and high adsorption capacity using microfibrillated cellulose as a reinforcing agent. The cryogel showed excellent shape recovery, fatigue resistance, and fast adsorption properties, demonstrating its potential for environmental remediation applications.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Oleksandr Ivanchenko, Ugo Authesserre, Guilhem Coste, Stephane Mazieres, Mathias Destarac, Simon Harrisson
Summary: ε-Thionocaprolactone (TCL) can be easily copolymerized with vinyl esters to form degradable copolymers, with the molecular weight and dispersity controlled through xanthate-mediated RAFT polymerization. Analysis of the copolymer structure reveals a high level of TCL-TCL dyads, suggesting that the terminal copolymerization model is not accurate for describing TCL copolymerization.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Ki Jung Kim, Yunmi Chae, Seong Jin An, Jin Hui Jo, Sungmin Park, Won Seok Chi
Summary: This study investigates microphase-separated structured PI-POEM graft copolymer membranes, which have controllable POEM concentrations and the ability to modify material properties. The results show that PI-POEM graft copolymer membranes exhibit high CO2 affinity and separation performance, making them promising for CO2 separation processes.
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Christopher B. Keller, Susan E. Walley, Curtis W. Jarand, Jibao He, Muhammad Ejaz, Daniel A. Savin, Scott M. Grayson
Summary: By grafting linear-bottlebrush amphiphilic copolymers onto the surface of silica nanoparticles, nanoparticle micelles with the ability to encapsulate and stabilize non-polar structures in aqueous media were successfully formed. These nanoparticles not only enhance oil encapsulation, but also provide an alternative dispersant system to address oil pollution in the environment.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Nguyen Van Hoa, Pham Anh Dat, Nguyen Huu Nghia
Summary: Transition metal chalcogenides have been widely studied as active electrode materials, and in this study, a hierarchical Co-Mo-S nanosheets electrode was successfully fabricated on nickel foam using a facile hydrothermal method under microwave irradiation. The electrode exhibited high specific capacitance, excellent cycling stability, and was further applied in an asymmetric supercapacitor with activated carbon, showing high capacitance and energy density.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Dharman Ranjith Kumar, Kugalur Shanmugam Ranjith, Yuvaraj Haldorai, Asokan Kandasami, Ramasamy Thangavelu Rajendra Kumar
Summary: In this study, it was demonstrated that the visible photocatalytic activities of ZnO nanorod arrays can be enhanced by C ion implantation. The results showed that C ion-implanted ZnO NRAs exhibit increased degradation efficiency under ambient visible light irradiation, indicating an improvement in visible light-driven photocatalytic performance.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Dhanaprabhu Pattappan, Stella Vargheese, K. Kavya, R. T. Rajendra Kumar, Yuvaraj Haldorai
Summary: Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown potential as effective visible light photocatalysts for degrading dyes. Among nickel, iron, and titanium-based MOFs, Fe-MOF exhibited the highest dye degradation efficiency and stability under solar light irradiation, attributed to its ability to suppress photoinduced charge recombination. Furthermore, the photodegradation of dye using Fe-MOF followed first-order kinetics and was mainly driven by superoxide anion radicals.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Dhanaprabhu Pattappan, K. Kavya, Stella Vargheese, R. T. Rajendra Kumar, Yuvaraj Haldorai
Summary: The g-C3N4/NH2-MIL-101(Fe) composite prepared by a solvothermal method is an efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of acetaminophen and reduction of Cr(VI) under sunlight illumination. The composite showed different catalytic performance under different pH conditions, with reduction efficiency increasing as pH decreased.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
K. V. Kavya, Dinesh Muthu, Dhanaprabhu Pattappan, Stella Vargheese, N. Gokila, M. S. Sivaramkumar, Ramasamy Thangavelu Rajendra Kumar, Yuvaraj Haldorai
Summary: In this study, a Pd@Ni-MOF nanocomposite sensor was prepared for the detection of dopamine, showing good detection performance and stability. The sensor exhibited acceptable recovery in determining dopamine levels in urine samples.
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Sabarish Kumaravel, Mathankumar Manoharan, Yuvaraj Haldorai, R. T. Rajendra Kumar
Summary: In this study, graphitic carbon nitride and porous graphitic carbon nitride were successfully prepared by reducing melamine using a pyrolysis method. The enhanced photocatalytic degradation efficiency of porous graphitic carbon nitride was attributed to an increase in surface area, leading to a higher number of active sites for dye degradation. Reactive oxygen species experiments revealed that the generation of (.)OH radicals was responsible for the degradation of dyes.
PHOSPHORUS SULFUR AND SILICON AND THE RELATED ELEMENTS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Hoang Ngoc Cuong, Nguyen Cong Minh, Nguyen Van Hoa, Dang Ha Giang, Nguyen Van Hieu, Pham Viet Nam
Summary: Squid chitosan nanoparticles (SCNs) were prepared as a biofungicide against citrus fungal pathogens. In vitro tests showed that 200 ppm concentration of SCNs completely inhibited the growth of three fungi. In vivo studies demonstrated that 250 ppm SCNs treatment effectively suppressed fruit disease symptoms.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
N. Gokila, K. Muthumalai, Yuvaraj Haldorai, Ramasamy Thangavelu Rajendra Kumar
Summary: Cobalt metal organic framework (Co-H2ABDC MOF) was successfully synthesized using a solvothermal method and used to fabricate an electrochemical non-enzymatic sensor. The properties and stability of the synthesized material were confirmed using various characterization techniques.
CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS
(2022)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Faisal Aziz, Imran Khan, Shruti Shukla, Debasish Kumar Dey, Qiu Yan, Abhijit Chakraborty, Hisae Yoshitomi, Seung-Kyu Hwang, Sonam Sonwal, Hoomin Lee, Yuvaraj Haldorai, Jianbo Xiao, Yun Suk Huh, Vivek K. Bajpai, Young-Kyu Han
Summary: Helicobacter pylori and its cytotoxin associated antigen A play significant roles in the development of gastric cancer. Glycosylation alterations and overexpression of Lewis Y may serve as potential biomarkers for the prognosis of gastric cancer.
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
(2022)
Article
Biophysics
K. V. Kavya, Stella Vargheese, Shruti Shukla, Imran Khan, Debasish Kumar Dey, Vivek K. Bajpai, Kavitha Thangavelu, Raju Vivek, R. T. Rajendra Kumar, Young-Kyu Han, Yun Suk Huh, Yuvaraj Haldorai
Summary: This study explores the ability of a drug-loaded polymer to inhibit cervical cancer cells. The results show that the polymer treatment activates cell death mechanisms and disrupts the cell membrane. Further experiments demonstrate that the polymer treatment effectively suppresses a protein and simulates a cellular pathway. This combination therapy approach has the potential to enhance treatment efficacy and overcome chemosensitivity issues.
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES B-BIOINTERFACES
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Nguyen Van Chi, Le Hong Quan, Cao Nhat Linh, Nong Quoc Quang, Nguyen Duc Anh, Dong Van Kien, Nguyen Van Hoa
Summary: This study aimed to enhance the corrosion resistance of AH36 steel in saline medium by coating it with a copper particles reinforced polyaniline (PANI) layer. The Cu particles and PANI-coated steels showed improved corrosion resistance compared to the bare substrate and pristine PANI-coated samples.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Le Nhu Minh Tue, Sumanta Sahoo, Ganesh Dhakal, Van Hoa Nguyen, Jintae Lee, Yong Rok Lee, Jae-Jin Shim
Summary: Metal sulfides (MS) and mixed metal sulfides (MTMS), such as NiCo2S4 and 2D MS MoS2, were synthesized through a solvothermal process and used as electrodes for supercapacitors. The resulting electrode showed excellent coulombic efficiency, high specific capacitance, superior energy density, and ultra-high cycling stability. The hybrid supercapacitor device also exhibited impressive coulombic efficiency and good cycling stability, as well as decent energy density over a large number of cycles.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Le Hong Quan, Ung Thi Dieu Thuy, Pham Viet Nam, Nguyen Van Chi, Tang Xuan Duong, Nguyen Van Hoa
Summary: The valorization of shrimp wastes to develop advanced materials brings economic and environmental advantages. This paper presents a facile and eco-friendly synthesis of shrimp chitosan-derived carbon (CCS) and CSSN aerogel nanocomposite for supercapacitor application, in which NiO and Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles were tightly attached to the porous surface of CCS aerogel. The CCSN-300 aerogel material electrode exhibits high capacitance, excellent cycling stability, and high energy density, indicating great promise in energy storage.
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE-ADVANCED MATERIALS AND DEVICES
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Trang Si Trung, Nguyen Cong Minh, Hoang Ngoc Cuong, Pham Thi Dan Phuong, Pham Anh Dat, Pham Viet Nam, Nguyen Van Hoa
Summary: This study presents a facile method for preparing nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan biocomposites using fish and shrimp wastes. The biocomposites exhibited high adsorption capacity, rapid adsorption, and easy separation, making them potential candidates for wastewater treatment.
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE-ADVANCED MATERIALS AND DEVICES
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Pham Thi Dan Phuong, Trang Si Trung, Willem F. Stevens, Nguyen Cong Minh, Huynh Nguyen Duy Bao, Nguyen Van Hoa
Summary: This study explores the potential of using moulted shrimp shells for large-scale production of chitin and chitosan with high purity and low protein residues. The findings also suggest a sustainable strategy for aquaculture by turning solid waste into value-added products.
WASTE AND BIOMASS VALORIZATION
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Mustafa Kalay, Abidin Esidir, Mahmut Ruzi, N. Burak Kiremitler, Mustafa Serdar Onses
Summary: This study proposes stable and addressable polymer PUFs, utilizing a cross-linkable polymer system, which demonstrates high stochastic characteristics and low-cost production. The performance of the polymer features is evaluated through various analyses, and direct image authentication is achieved using feature matching algorithms.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Polymer Science
Jingyu Jin, Guoqiang Lu, Jun Nie, Xiaoqun Zhu
Summary: Photopolymerization technology is limited in the fields of food packaging and biomedicine due to the high migration of small molecules from photoinitiators. In this study, a polymerizable 2-vinyl thioxanthone (ETX) was synthesized to improve the migration stability of photoinitiators. Macromolecular photoinitiators (PPI1, PPI2) were also prepared to further reduce migration. The results showed that the ETX/TEOA system had higher initiation performance and PPI2 displayed favorable initiation ability. Additionally, the migration of ETX, PPI1, and PPI2 in photocured film was significantly reduced. These low-migration photoinitiators have potential applications in the fields of food packaging and biological materials.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Polymer Science
Weijie Li, Jun Nie, Yingying Zhao, Xiaoqun Zhu
Summary: This study focuses on the development of high-performance, low-migration photoinitiators. A polymerizable photoinitiator (VBP) was synthesized by introducing an ethylene group into benzophenone, and three different molecular weight single-component photoinitiators (PVBN1-3) were synthesized based on VBP. The results show that these new photoinitiators have stronger absorption ability compared to benzophenone and significantly reduce the migration of initiators and co-initiators, addressing the safety concerns caused by migration.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Polymer Science
Seira Morimune-Moriya, Yuki Iwahashi, Mitsuru Nakamura, Daisuke Ogawa, Keiji Nakamura
Summary: This study investigates the effect of plasma treatment on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and the structure/properties of polyimide (PI) nanocomposites with ultra-low content of CNTs. The results show that plasma treatment introduces isocyanate groups on the surface of CNTs and enhances the interfacial interaction between PI and treated CNTs. This leads to a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites, with even a small addition of treated CNTs showing a substantial increase in Young's modulus, tensile strength and toughness.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Polymer Science
Yuanlong Li, Chaojie Chen, Guoqing Cui, Li Liu, Chao Zhou, Guangfeng Wu
Summary: In this study, a novel ion-conducting hydrogel was fabricated using a straightforward approach. The hydrogel showed excellent tensile properties and high toughness due to physical interactions and covalent binding. Additionally, the introduction of hydroxyethyl cellulose and lithium chloride improved the biocompatibility, mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and frost resistance of the hydrogel, demonstrating its potential for cold climate applications.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Polymer Science
Dengwei Yan, Jinxian Yang, Xuejun Pan, Xiaozheng Duan, Lianwei Li, Mo Zhu
Summary: The influence of backbone length on grafting efficiency during the graft-onto reaction process was investigated. It was found that the polydispersity effect of backbone length does not affect the final grafting efficiency, indicating that the local dynamics of chain segments dominate the graft-onto process.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Polymer Science
Zhaoyi Luo, Xianjie Pan, Fanqi Liu, Quanxi Yi, Yanning Zeng, Yunhua Chen, Chaoyang Wang
Summary: This study provides a method to prepare high-performance epoxy materials with good malleability and thermal stability. The materials have self-healing and welding capabilities, thanks to the addition of specific chemical bonds and network structures. They exhibit mechanical properties comparable to commercial epoxy resins and show great potential for sustainable industrial development.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Polymer Science
Chaoji Xiong, Hao Wang, Lihua Deng, Kun Liang, Chunhua Wu, Wei Wu, Qian Chen
Summary: In this study, four polyamides were synthesized and their adsorption performances for Hg2+ in aqueous systems were investigated. The polyamides exhibited high adsorption capacities and excellent reusability, with the involvement of sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen in the chemical adsorption process of Hg2+.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Polymer Science
Siim Laanesoo, Olivier Bonjour, Rauno Sedrik, Iris Tamsalu, Patric Jannasch, Lauri Vares
Summary: The insertion of rigid aliphatic or aromatic building blocks in polymer structures is an effective way to synthesize high -Tg polymer materials. In this study, a series of isosorbide-2-aryl carboxylate-5-methacrylate monomers (ArIMAs) were synthesized by functionalizing isosorbide 5-methacrylate with various aromatic lignin-inspired esters. These monomers were polymerized to obtain high molecular-weight poly(aryl carboxylate isosorbide methacrylates) (PArIMAs). The resulting polymers showed high glass transition temperatures and thermal stability, making them suitable for use as high-performance plastics and coatings.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Polymer Science
Yuqian Wu, Weijie Xu, Jianliang Li, Zhangfeng Zhong, Liqing Huang, Shengke Li, Huaping Tan
Summary: This study investigates the improvement of degradation and drug release characteristics of dynamic Schiff base-mediated natural polysaccharide hydrogels using tannic acid (TA), leading to enhanced stability and functionality.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Polymer Science
Xi Zhang, Xiangli Kong, Xin Zhou, Yiyan Gao, Yibo Sun, Guanghui Gao, Wei Liu, Kai Shi
Summary: Conductive hydrogels have great development prospects in flexible strain sensors, but long-term direct contact with human skin can cause bacterial infection. A hydrogel with antibacterial, biocompatibility, and toughness was designed and manufactured using a freeze-thaw method. The hydrogel maintains tensile properties and fatigue resistance at low temperatures and is resistant to bacteria. Therefore, hydrogel sensors can be used to monitor human movements.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Polymer Science
Wei Zhang, Jiangang Yu, Mingyang Wu, Rui Li, Anqiang Zhang, Yaling Lin
Summary: In this study, polyacrylamide containing quaternary ammonium salts (PAM-X) were synthesized and found to effectively inhibit soil-borne pathogenic fungi while maintaining the balance of microbial population in soil. PAM-X also showed low toxicity to earthworms and fish, providing a new method for the prevention and control of soil-borne fungal diseases.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Polymer Science
Jiawen He, Haojie Yu, Li Wang, Jian Yang, Yanhui Zhang, Wenbing Huang, Chenguang Ouyang
Summary: This review discusses the use of polymeric hydrogels for atmospheric water harvesting (AWH), including the mechanism of water sorption, fabrication methods, and strategies for optimizing the structure of hydrogels. The extended applications of hygroscopic photothermal hydrogels, such as agricultural irrigation and dehumidification, are also explored. The challenges and prospects of using polymeric hydrogels for AWH are summarized.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Polymer Science
Ying Du, Shuaishuai Lu, Yuanna Sun, Qingshan Li, Xinhai He
Summary: This study introduces a method to improve the performance of hydrogels by incorporating proline, resulting in hydrogels with excellent stretchability, high conductivity, and long-term stability. The hydrogel remains flexible and conductive even at ultra-low temperatures.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2024)
