Induction of defence related enzymes and phenolic compounds in lupin (Lupinus albus L.) and their effects on host resistance against Fusarium wilt

Two different biotic inducers [Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida] and three different abiotic inducers [copper sulphate, indole butyric acid and potassium chloride] were tested for their efficacy in inducing resistance in lupin plants against Fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini. Application of the biotic and abiotic inducers as seed treatments significantly reduced wilt disease incidence under greenhouse and field conditions. Potassium chloride and Pseudomonas fluorescens were superior. A time course of defence-related enzymes showed substantial increases in enzyme activities in induced infected seedlings compared with untreated healthy plants or infected controls. However, the magnitude of the increase varied among treatments. The maximum increases in chitinase and beta- glucanase activities were recorded at 12 and 8 days after inoculation with the pathogen, respectively. Also, the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase increased dramatically 8 days after inoculation. Greater accumulation of phenolic compounds and specific flavonoids upon infection with the pathogen was found in induced and/ or infected seedlings compared with healthy plants. In addition to inducing disease resistance, the treatments were accompanied by significant increases in crop parameters and seed yield compared with untreated controls.