Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Muhammad Shakeel, Maria Hassan Kiani, Hafiz Shoaib Sarwar, Sohail Akhtar, Aisha Rauf, Ibrahim M. Ibrahim, Narges Ajalli, Gul Shahnaz, Abbas Rahdar, Ana M. Diez-Pascual
Summary: This study developed mannosylated thiolated chitosan-coated silver nanoparticles loaded emulgel for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis, with controlled release of silver ions and improved biocompatibility. The results showed excellent inhibitory effect on intracellular amastigotes and higher retention of silver by the emulgel-loaded MTC-Ag than by the MTC-Ag nanoparticles. The drug release and retention studies confirmed the great potential of MTC-Ag-loaded emulgel for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
(2023)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Monique Y. M. Kawakami, Lisset Ortiz Zamora, Raquel S. Araujo, Caio P. Fernandes, Tiago Q. N. Ricotta, Leandro G. de Oliveira, Celso M. Queiroz-Junior, Ana Paula Fernandes, Edemilson C. da Conceicao, Lucas A. M. Ferreira, Andre L. B. Barros, Marta G. Aguiar, Anna E. M. F. M. Oliveira
Summary: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a tropical skin disease caused by the protozoan genus Leishmania, with limited treatment options due to toxic effects, limited efficacy, and drug resistance. The use of nanoemulsions containing oleoresin from the fruit of Protium emarginatum shows promise in reducing lesion size and promoting tissue regeneration in a mouse model infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis.
BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY
(2021)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Atousa Hakamifard, Reza Radmehr, Fatemeh Sokhanvari, Fatemeh Sherkat, Amirali Hariri, Jaleh Varshosaz, Zabihollah Shahmoradi, Awat Feizi, Bahareh Abtahi-Naeini, Mahsa Pourmahdi-Boroujeni
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the effects of topical liposomal clarithromycin in combination with meglumine antimoniate on cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions. The results showed that the combination treatment significantly reduced the size of the lesions and had no significant adverse effects.
FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Reza Boshrouyeh, Samar Amari, Mohammad Boshrouyeh Ghandashtani, Seyed Ebrahim Alavi, Hasan Ebrahimi Shahmabadi
Summary: This study aimed to improve the solubility and permeability of Amphotericin B (AmB) for the topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania major. Two formulations of AmB, Lip-AmB and PEG-Lip-AmB, were developed using liposomes and polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated liposomes. The results showed that PEG-Lip-AmB was more effective in reducing drug toxicity and increasing therapeutic effects compared to Lip-AmB. In vivo studies also demonstrated that PEG-Lip-AmB-Gel could significantly reduce lesion size and parasite burden compared to Lip-AmB-Gel. These findings suggest that PEG-Lip-AmB-Gel is a promising carrier for improving the properties of AmB for topical treatment of CL.
JOURNAL OF SOL-GEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Manuela Carvalheiro, Jennifer Vieira, Catarina Faria-Silva, Joana Marto, Sandra Simoes
Summary: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a chronic skin disease characterized by skin lesions that may cause permanent scars. This study optimized a deformable lipid vesicle (DLV) for the topical administration of Amphotericin B (AmB) and found it to be effective in reducing parasite viability in skin layers. DLV may represent a cost-effective and safe therapeutic option in CL treatment.
DRUG DELIVERY AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Fabian Audu Ugbe, Gideon Adamu Shallangwa, Adamu Uzairu, Ibrahim Abdulkadir, Emmanuel Israel Edache, Wafa Abdullah I. Al-Megrin, Samia T. Al-Shouli, Ying Wang, Mohnad Abdalla
Summary: This study evaluated the anti-leishmanial potential of organoselenium compounds using cheminformatic techniques. The results showed that the newly designed compounds exhibited good drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic profiles, and had good binding interactions with the target protein. These new compounds could be potential drug molecules for the treatment of leishmaniasis.
JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE & DYNAMICS
(2023)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Sarah Kymberly Santos de Lima, italo Novaes Cavallone, Dolores Remedios Serrano, Brayan J. Anaya, Aikaterini Lalatsa, Marcia Dalastra Laurenti, Joao Henrique Ghilardi Lago, Dalete Christine da Silva Souza, Gabriela Pustiglione Marinsek, Beatriz Soares Lopes, Renata de Britto Mari, Luiz Felipe Domingues Passero, Bozena B. Michniak-Kohn
Summary: This study developed a topical formulation containing 8-HQ and demonstrated its efficacy in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. The formulation was able to reduce parasite burden and lesion size without causing significant side effects.
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Ma. Florencia Peralta, Nadina A. Usseglio, Ma. Estefania Bracamonte, Ma. Laura Guzman, Ma. Eugenia Olivera, J. Diego Marco, Paola A. Barroso, Dolores C. Carrer
Summary: Topical treatment with dispersions containing miltefosine and different liposome compositions has shown to be effective in treating cutaneous leishmaniasis. Fluid liposomes can accelerate lesion healing and reduce the time needed to eliminate viable parasites from the lesion site.
DRUG DELIVERY AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Parasitology
Maria Jose Alves de Oliveira, Gethzemani Mayeli Estrada Villegas, Flavia Daniela Motta, Omar Fabela-Sanchez, Arian Espinosa-Roa, Wesley Luzetti Fotoran, Janaina Capelli Peixoto, Fabia Tomie Tano, Ademar Benevolo Lugao, Pablo Antonio Salvador Vasquez
Summary: The study focused on analyzing the effects of Cobalt-60 gamma irradiation on crosslinking polymeric hydrogels containing Amphotericin B, in order to develop an alternative treatment method for leishmaniasis. The irradiated Hydg/Amph-B showed similar stability to the standard Amph-B solution and effectively inhibited L. amazonensis promastigotes, demonstrating its potential as a promising alternative therapy.
Article
Parasitology
Effat Alemzadeh, Mehdi Karamian, Farshid Abedi, Mohammad Yahya Hanafi-Bojd
Summary: This study synthesized silver nanoparticles from Artemisia aucheri leaf extract and examined their effects on leishmaniasis and antibacterial activity. The results showed that the ointment containing quercetin/artemisia-capped silver nanoparticles could promote wound healing and reduce inflammatory responses.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Qingcong Wei, Yanfei Zhao, Yixing Wei, Yaxing Wang, Ziming Jin, Guanglei Ma, Yuqin Jiang, Weiwei Zhang, Zhiguo Hu
Summary: Researchers prepared a series of multifunctional hydrogels by dynamic Schiff base and boronate ester crosslinking, including phenylboronic acid (PBA) grafted carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), polyphenols, and Cu2+-crosslinked polyphenol nanoparticles (CuNPs). These hydrogels exhibited excellent self-healing and degradable properties. The antibacterial and antioxidant abilities of these hydrogels were contributed by three polyphenols, including tannic acid (TA), oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC), and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG). The hydrogels also demonstrated good hemostatic effect due to their tissue adhesive capacity. In a full-thickness skin defect model of mice, these biocompatible hydrogels accelerated wound healing processes by promoting granulation tissue formation, collagen deposition, M2 macrophage polarization, and cytokine secretion, suggesting their potential as dressing materials with inherent physiological properties and low-cost preparation approaches.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
(2023)
Article
Dermatology
Yalda Nahidi, Vahid Mashayekhi Goyonlo, Pouran Layegh, Faezeh Taghavi, Mona Najaf Najafi
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of adding diphencyprone immunotherapy to conventional meglumine antimoniate treatment for acute urban cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), and found that the combination therapy resulted in earlier resolution of acute CL lesions with a relatively acceptable rate of adverse effects.
JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGICAL TREATMENT
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Payel Dowari, Shalini Roy, Saurav Das, Sumit Chowdhuri, Ritvika Kushwaha, Basab K. Das, Anindita Ukil, Debapratim Das
Summary: A mannose-containing composite hydrogel was prepared by combining a self-aggregating short peptide and a mannose-containing non-aggregating peptide. The hydrogel showed stability, biodegradability, non-cytotoxicity, and efficient drug delivery to kill the parasite.
CHEMISTRY-AN ASIAN JOURNAL
(2022)
Review
Polymer Science
Marta Slavkova, Borislav Tzankov, Teodora Popova, Christina Voycheva
Summary: Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and topical chemotherapy is an attractive strategy for its treatment. However, the delivery of drugs through the skin is difficult due to their physicochemical properties and the barrier function of the stratum corneum. Various approaches have been used to enhance drug penetration and efficacy. This systematic review focuses on gel-based topical formulations and discusses the excipients, preparation methods, gel characterization, safety aspects, and the potential use of nanocarrier-loaded gels.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Sidra Khalid, Saad Salman, Kashif Iqbal, Fiza Ur Rehman, Iffat Ullah, Abhay R. Satoskar, Gul Majid Khan, M. Junaid Dar
Summary: This study aimed to develop and evaluate triple drug loaded cationic nano-vesicles (cNVs) for the topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). The optimized formulation of cNVs showed high entrapment efficiency and reduced irritation potential, demonstrating its potential as an efficient and safe vehicle for the treatment of CL.
NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Medicinal
Andreina Henriquez-Figuereo, Cristina Moran-Serradilla, Eduardo Angulo-Elizari, Carmen Sanmartin, Daniel Plano
Summary: Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a group of infectious diseases caused by protozoa, with a high incidence and prevalence in developing countries. Economic factors hinder the management of these diseases, and there is a lack of effective drugs and high costs. This study aims to identify novel chalcogen-derived molecules against Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT).
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Adriana Rodriguez-Garraus, Maria Alonso-Jauregui, Ana-Gloria Gil, Inigo Navarro-Blasco, Adela Lopez de Cerain, Amaya Azqueta
Summary: A new material composed of kaolin base with silver nanoparticles was developed as an alternative to antibiotics in animal feed. In an in vivo geno-toxicological evaluation in rats, the material showed no adverse effects when administered orally at a dose of 2000 mg/kg b.w. for 28 days. The material did not induce micronuclei or DNA damage in various tissues, and silver content in target organs confirmed the negative results.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Nora Astrain-Redin, Irene Talavera, Esther Moreno, Maria J. Ramirez, Nuria Martinez-Saez, Ignacio Encio, Arun K. Sharma, Carmen Sanmartin, Daniel Plano
Summary: Nowadays, Se-containing molecules, such as ebselen, have demonstrated well-established preventive effects against cancer and Alzheimer's disease. In this study, a total of 39 Se-derivatives were synthesized and tested for their antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. Compound 13a showed concentration- and time-dependent radical scavenging activity, while compounds 14a and 17a exhibited high activity in certain cancer cell lines. Compound 14a also showed promising potential as an anti-Alzheimer agent.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Zilyane Cardoso de Souza, Francisco Humberto Xavier Jr, Irapuan Oliveira Pinheiro, Juliana de Souza Reboucas, Brenda Oliveira de Abreu, Paulo Roberto Ribeiro Mesquita, Frederico de Medeiros Rodrigues, Helenita Costa Quadros, Tiago Manuel Fernandes Mendes, Paul Nguewa, Silmara Marques Allegretti, Leonardo Paiva Farias, Fabio Rocha Formiga
Summary: Poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) nanocapsules containing Ivermectin (IVM) were successfully developed using the nanoprecipitation method. Pumpkin seed oil (PSO) was used as an oily core in the nanocapsules. The nanocapsules demonstrated stable particle size and enhanced antiparasitic effects of IVM compared to free IVM.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Nora Astrain-Redin, Niccolo Paoletti, Daniel Plano, Alessandro Bonardi, Paola Gratteri, Andrea Angeli, Carmen Sanmartin, Claudiu T. Supuran
Summary: In the search for new cancer treatments, organoselenium compounds and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have shown promise. Selenium-containing compounds, especially selenols, have demonstrated potent inhibition of tumor-associated CA isoforms. In this study, selenoesters combining NSAIDs and natural product fragments were evaluated as nonclassical inhibitors of tumor-associated CA isoforms.
JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Medicinal
Nora Astrain-Redin, Carmen Sanmartin, Arun K. Sharma, Daniel Plano
Summary: Since ancient times, natural products have been a rich source of bioactive molecules for cancer treatment. Many allyl derivatives found in garlic, cinnamon, nutmeg, or mustard have shown anticancer activity in various cancers. Synthetic products with allyl fragments, such as 17-AAG, have also demonstrated potent anticancer properties in clinical trials. This Perspective compiles recent advances in natural and synthetic allyl derivatives, which have the potential to become future cancer drug candidates.
JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Parasitology
Sajad Rashidi, Reza Mansouri, Mohammad Ali-Hassanzadeh, Antonio Muro, Paul Nguewa, Rail Manzano-Roman
Summary: This study summarizes the most prominent Annexin proteins identified thus far and their relevant functions in parasites and infected host cells during pathogenesis, especially in the most important intracellular protozoan parasitic infections, such as malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and toxoplasmosis. The study shows that helminth parasites may express and secrete Annexins to develop pathogenesis, while intracellular protozoan parasites may employ the modulation of host Annexins as a crucial strategy. Additionally, the use of analogs of both parasite and host Annexin peptides might suggest novel therapeutic insights into the treatment of parasitic infections, and Annexins could also be potentially relevant as vaccine and diagnostic biomarkers due to their immunoregulatory activities and expression levels in infected tissues.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Javier Carriles, Paul Nguewa, Gustavo Gonzalez-Gaitano
Summary: Solution Blow Spinning (SBS) is a new technology for producing nano and microfibers of polymeric, nanocomposite, and ceramic materials. It offers advantages such as fast fiber generation and simplicity of experimental setup, making on-site production possible. In the field of biomedicine, SBS has been explored for applications such as drug delivery, 3D culturing, regenerative medicine, and biosensors, showing promising results.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Andreina Henriquez-Figuereo, Esther Moreno, Carmen Sanmartin, Daniel Plano
Summary: This work focuses on the design, synthesis, and biological activities of new selenoester derivatives and thioester homologs with potential as therapeutic candidates for leishmaniasis. These compounds showed structural similarities to antileishmanial drugs and exhibited high sensitivity against Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. Four selanylacetic acid derivatives demonstrated significant leishmanicidal characteristics and pharmacological synergism with the oral drug miltefosine.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Nora Astrain-Redin, Asif Raza, Ignacio Encio, Arun K. Sharma, Daniel Plano, Carmen Sanmartin
Summary: Oxidative stress provides cancer cells with advantages for disease progression. Se-containing molecules with anticancer and antioxidant activity were synthesized and showed potent radical scavenging and anticancer activity. New Se derivatives resembling natural products exhibited high radical scavenging activity and antiproliferative effects.
Review
Microbiology
Sara M. M. Robledo, Silvia Perez-Silanes, Celia Fernandez-Rubio, Ana Poveda, Lianet Monzote, Victor M. Gonzalez, Paloma Alonso-Collado, Javier Carrion
Summary: In 2020, the WHO established a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021-2030, aiming to control and eradicate 20 diseases including leishmaniosis and Chagas disease. The WHO has also been developing a Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance since 2015. Natural peptide molecules (AMPs and CPPs) show promise as alternative therapies for neglected zoonoses by improving efficacy while avoiding toxicity and resistance. Encapsulation and functionalization methods are being used to overcome limitations of antimicrobial peptides for approval in clinical programs against leishmaniosis and Chagas disease.
Article
Chemistry, Medicinal
Itziar Galarreta-Rodriguez, Mikel Etxebeste-Mitxeltorena, Esther Moreno, Daniel Plano, Carmen Sanmartin, Saad Megahed, Neus Feliu, Wolfgang J. Parak, Eneko Garaio, Izaskun Gil de Muro, Luis Lezama, Idoia Ruiz de Larramendi, Maite Insausti
Summary: In this study, a drug carrier nanosystem based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles with large heating power was designed. The nanosystem showed high selectivity against colon cancer cells and demonstrated good efficacy as a magnetic hyperthermia inductor.
Review
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Vanessa Gorasso, Joana Nazare Morgado, Periklis Charalampous, Sara M. Pires, Juanita A. Haagsma, Joao Vasco Santos, Jane Idavain, Che Henry Ngwa, Isabel Noguer, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Rodrigo Sarmiento, Vera Pinheiro, Elena Von der Lippe, Lea Sletting Jakobsen, Brecht Devleesschauwer, Dietrich Plass
Summary: Within the framework of the burden of disease (BoD) approach, this study reviewed the methods used in BoD assessments and risk assessments in Europe. The results showed substantial variation in the methods used in comparative risk assessment (CRA), which can affect the comparability of estimates.
ARCHIVES OF PUBLIC HEALTH
(2023)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Xuezhi Zhuo, Vito Fodera, Per Larsson, Zarah Schaal, Christel A. S. Bergstrom, Korbinian Lobmann, Aleksei Kabedev
Summary: Our previous work demonstrated that beta-lactoglobulin-stabilized amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) loaded with 70 % indomethacin remains stable for over 12 months. We further investigated the stabilization mechanisms by testing five other drug molecules and using experimental techniques and molecular dynamics simulations. The results showed that steric confinement, hydrogen bonding, and the glass transition temperature of the drug molecule play important roles in stabilizing ASDs with high drug loadings.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Sebastian Schmidt, Ulrike Holzgrabe
Summary: The binding of drugs to plasma proteins, such as human serum albumin (HSA), is crucial for determining pharmacokinetic parameters. This study investigated the enantioselective binding of S- and R-ketamine to HSA. It was found that ketamine has weak affinity to HSA, with no significant differences in binding behavior between the individual enantiomers and the racemate. The aromatic ring and N-methyl group were identified as the most strongly involved structural moieties in the binding of ketamine to HSA.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Yuchen Zhao, Han Wang, Lin Jin, Ziwei Zhang, Lianghu Liu, Mengqi Zhou, Xianzheng Zhang, Lingling Zhang
Summary: Interleukins (ILs) are important for communication between immune cells and non-immune cells, but dysregulation of ILs expression is a characteristic of autoinflammatory diseases. Drugs targeting ILs have significant clinical benefits, but may also cause adverse reactions. Fusion protein technology, with its ability to enhance therapeutic efficacy, has been explored for developing anti-inflammatory drugs. This review discusses the efficacy of fusion protein drugs developed with ILs or their receptors in treating autoinflammatory diseases, highlighting the potential of this technology in future anti-inflammatory drug development.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Serena Bertoni, Elena Simone, Stefano Sangiorgi, Beatrice Albertini, Nadia Passerini
Summary: This study investigated the correlation between the structure and release properties of solid lipid microparticles (MPs) with different liquid additives. The additives accelerated the conversion of the unstable alpha-form of tristearin to the stable beta-polymorph and caused structural modifications in the MPs. The presence of additives prolonged the drug release in water and resulted in higher release profiles in biorelevant media. The findings suggest that the release behavior can be influenced by the polymorphism and supramolecular-level structural modification of lipid formulations containing crystal modifiers.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Juulia Jarvinen, Ahmed B. Montaser, Santosh Kumar Adla, Jukka Leppanen, Marko Lehtonen, Kati-Sisko Vellonen, Tuomo Laitinen, Aaro Jalkanen, William F. Elmquist, Juri Timonen, Kristiina M. Huttunen, Jarkko Rautio
Summary: This study attempted to alter the brain distribution pattern of Palbociclib by creating and assessing two novel prodrugs. Although the prodrug design did not significantly improve Palbociclib brain delivery, the study provides valuable insights for future prodrug development and drug delivery strategies targeting specific transporters.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Miao Wang, Xinyu Ma, Shiyu Zong, Yaqiong Su, Rui Su, Hong Zhang, Yang Liu, Chunliu Wang, Ye Li
Summary: This article discusses the potential and limitations of nasal administration in central nervous system drug delivery. Nasal gel viscosity can alleviate the impact of nasal mucociliary clearance on drug delivery, and materials such as gellan gum, chitosan, carbomer, cellulose, and poloxamer can be used to prepare nasal gels.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Bjarke Strom Larsen, Eric Kissi, Liebert Parreiras Nogueira, Natalja Genina, Ingunn Tho
Summary: This study investigates the influence of drug load and polymer molecular weight on the structure of 3D printed tablets. The results show that drug load and polymer molecular weight have a significant impact on the porosity and size of the tablets, while the effect of drug load on the total porosity of the tablets is minimal.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Zhentao Qiao, Fuhang Wang, Dongjian Han, Yuansong Zhuang, Qingjiao Jiang, Yi Zhang, Miaomiao Liu, Quanxu An, Zhiwei Wang, Deliang Shen
Summary: In this study, it was demonstrated that periadventitial delivery of rapamycin-fibrin glue (RPM-FG) can inhibit intimal hyperplasia (IH) in a rat carotid artery injury model without compromising re-endothelialization. This provides a promising direction for the future development of a safe, effective, and minimally invasive perivascular drug delivery method to treat vascular disease.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Neele Puhlmann, Rodrigo Vidaurre, Klaus Kuemmerer
Summary: Active pharmaceutical ingredients and their metabolites and transformation products are pollutants that can harm human and environmental health. Designing greener APIs is an effective strategy to address this issue. The drug discovery and development process can incorporate environmental parameters to achieve this design, and this process is highly flexible.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
(2024)