Calcium and phosphate impact cardiovascular risk

Non-traditional risk factors substantially contribute to cardiovascular (CV) disease. A deranged calciumphosphate metabolismufirst identified as a major non-traditional CV risk factor in patients with chronic kidney diseaseumay be implicated in development and progression of CV disease even among individuals with intact renal function. This review thus summarizes epidemiological and experimental data on the role of calcium, phosphate, and its major regulating hormonesuparathyroid hormone, calcitriol, and fibroblast growth factor 23uin CV medicine.