Journal
EUROPEAN CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY
Volume 22, Issue 5, Pages 309-318Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s00787-012-0374-6
Keywords
Cyber-bullying; Bullying; Depression; Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; Longitudinal study
Categories
Funding
- Korea Health 21 R&D, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea [A050047]
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London
- King's College London
- Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust
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Traditional bullying has received considerable research but the emerging phenomenon of cyber-bullying much less so. Our study aims to investigate environmental and psychological factors associated with traditional and cyber-bullying. In a school-based 2-year prospective survey, information was collected on 1,344 children aged 10 including bullying behavior/experience, depression, anxiety, coping strategies, self-esteem, and psychopathology. Parents reported demographic data, general health, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. These were investigated in relation to traditional and cyber-bullying perpetration and victimization at age 12. Male gender and depressive symptoms were associated with all types of bullying behavior and experience. Living with a single parent was associated with perpetration of traditional bullying while higher ADHD symptoms were associated with victimization from this. Lower academic achievement and lower self esteem were associated with cyber-bullying perpetration and victimization, and anxiety symptoms with cyber-bullying perpetration. After adjustment, previous bullying perpetration was associated with victimization from cyber-bullying but not other outcomes. Cyber-bullying has differences in predictors from traditional bullying and intervention programmes need to take these into consideration.
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