Journal
EPILEPSY & BEHAVIOR
Volume 25, Issue 1, Pages 23-31Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.06.014
Keywords
Familial; Temporal; Lobe; Epilepsy; Pharaohs; Religiosity; Akhenaten; Tutankhamun
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The pharaohs of Egypt's famous eighteenth dynasty all died early of unknown causes. This paper comprehensively reviews and analyses the medical literature and current evidence available for the New Kingdom rulers - Tuthmosis IV, Amenhotep III, Akhenaten, Smenkhkare and Tutankhamun. The integration of these sources reveals that the eighteenth dynasty rulers may have suffered from an inherited condition that may explain their untimely deaths. The description of recurring strong religious visions, likely neurological disease and gynecomastia, supports the theory that these pharaohs may have suffered from a familial temporal epilepsy syndrome that ultimately led to their early downfall. (c) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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