Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY
Volume 28, Issue 4, Pages 701-710Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1897/08-153R.1
Keywords
Natural toxins; Artemisia annua L.; Qinghaosu; Degradation kinetics; Toxicity
Categories
Ask authors/readers for more resources
The plant Artemisia annua L. is cropped in many countries for production of the antimalarial drug artemisinin. Artemisinin is phytotoxic and has insecticidal activity. Large-scale cultivation of A. annua may cause transfer of artemisinin to soil and, hence, may affect both soil organisms and the aquatic environment if the compound is leachable. In the present study, a new method for extraction of artemisinin from soil was developed, and field concentrations and degradation kinetics of artemisinin in sandy and loamy soils were measured. The soil concentrations in a Danish A. annua field were up to 11.7 mg/kg. The degradation kinetics could be modeled as the sum of two first-order reactions, a fast initial degradation followed by a reaction that was 11- to 25-fold slower. It took at least 35 d before artemisinin could not be detected (< 0.36 mg/kg) at 20 degrees C, classifying artemisinin as being relatively persistent in the environment. Combined with its water solubility of 49.7 +/- 3.7 mg/L, this makes it potentially leachable. In soil, artemisinin repelled the earthworm (Eisenia fetida; the 10 and 50% effect concentrations [EC10s and EC50s, respectively] were 5.24 +/- 2.64 and 21.57 +/- 4.73 mg/kg, respectively) and inhibited growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.; EC50, 2.48 mg/kg). Springtails (Folsomia candida) were not affected in the tested concentration range of 1 to 100 mg/kg. Artemisinin had toxicity to the freshwater algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata; EC50, 0.24 +/- 0.01 mg/ L) and duckweed (Lemna minor; EC50, 0.19 +/- 0.03 mg/ L) similar to that of the commercial herbicide atrazine. Based on the presented data, the risks of adverse environmental effects because of cultivation of A. annua are high and comparable to those when using commercial pesticides.
Authors
I am an author on this paper
Click your name to claim this paper and add it to your profile.
Reviews
Recommended
No Data Available