Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination of Tetrachloroethene Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid with EVO and Mg(OH)2

In situ treatment of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) by enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD) can be limited by contaminant toxicity, low pH, and challenges in effectively delivering electron donor. Flushing emulsified vegetable oil (EVO), colloidal Mg(OH)(2) buffer, and a bioaugmentation culture (BC) through a zone containing neat tetrachloroethene (PCE) was effective in reducing contaminant toxicity, limiting pH declines, and accelerating bioenhanced dissolution of the DNAPL. In the effluent of porous media columns with little fine material, PCE concentrations reached a maximum of 40-50 times PCE aqueous solubility in water, demonstrating NAPL PCE was distributed throughout the 1.5 m column length. In a column treated with only EVO+BC, reductive dechlorination was limited. However, a single injection of EVO+Mg(OH)(2)+BC was effective in reducing PCE to below detection for over 400 days with a large increase in Cl- and dichloroethene (DCE), accelerating bioenhanced DNAPL dissolution. Dechlorination rates gradually increased over time with the rate of total ethene (TE) release from the Mg(OH)(2)+EVO+BC column reaching 5-6 times the TE release rate from the EVO+BC column. The accelerated dechlorination was likely due to both Mg(OH)(2) addition which limited pH declines from HCl, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and inorganic carbon (IC) production, and formation of a mixed PCE-vegetable oil NAPL which provided a readily accessible electron donor, resulting in rapid PCE degradation with reduced PCE toxicity.