Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS
Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages -Publisher
IOP PUBLISHING LTD
DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/034017
Keywords
wind power variability; net load variability; Electric Reliability Council of Texas; California ISO; Midwest ISO; Bonneville Power Authority
Funding
- National Science Foundation (NSF)
- Alfred P Sloan Foundation
- Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
- Doris Duke Charitable Foundation
- R K Mellon Foundation
- Heinz Endowments at Carnegie Mellon University
- US National Science Foundation [SES-0949710]
- Direct For Social, Behav & Economic Scie
- Divn Of Social and Economic Sciences [949710] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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We use time- and frequency-domain techniques to quantify the extent to which long-distance interconnection of wind plants in the United States would reduce the variability of wind power output. Previous work has shown that interconnection of just a few wind plants across moderate distances could greatly reduce the ratio of fast- to slow-ramping generators in the balancing portfolio. We find that interconnection of aggregate regional wind plants would not reduce this ratio further but would reduce variability at all frequencies examined. Further, interconnection of just a few wind plants reduces the average hourly change in power output, but interconnection across regions provides little further reduction. Interconnection also reduces the magnitude of low-probability step changes and doubles firm power output (capacity available at least 92% of the time) compared with a single region. First-order analysis indicates that balancing wind and providing firm power with local natural gas turbines would be more cost-effective than with transmission interconnection. For net load, increased wind capacity would require more balancing resources but in the same proportions by frequency as currently, justifying the practice of treating wind as negative load.
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