Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Volume 170, Issue -, Pages 63-70Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.009
Keywords
Breast milk; South Africa; Malaria control; Indoor residual spray; Maximum Residue Limit; Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake
Categories
Funding
- Swedish/South African bilateral research agreement
- National Research Foundation of South Africa
- Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
- Swedish Research Council
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We investigated presence and levels of DDT in 163 breast milk samples from four South African villages where, in three of them, malaria is controlled with DDT-sprayed indoors. Mean Sigma DDT levels in breast milk were 18, 11, and 9.5 mg/kg mf (milk fat) from the three DDT-sprayed villages, respectively, including the highest Sigma DDT level ever reported for breast milk from South Africa (140 mg/kg mf). Understanding the causes for these differences would be informative for exposure reduction intervention. The Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake (PTDI) for DDT by infants, and the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) were significantly exceeded. DDT had no effect on duration of lactation. There were indications (not significant) from DDT-sprayed villages that first-born female infants drink milk with more Sigma DDT than first-born male infants, and vice versa for multipara male and female infants, suggesting gender involvement on levels of DDT in breast milk - requiring further investigation. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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