β-cyclodextrin as inverse phase transfer catalyst on the electrocatalytic hydrogenation of organic compounds in water

The optimum conditions for the electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) of benzaldehyde in water, using a nickel sacrificial anode (SA) (referred to as ECH-SA) and beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CyD) as inverse phase transfer catalyst (IPTC) were determined. Four parameters were investigated: the morphology of the nickel deposited on the cathode matrix (Cu, Fe, Ni or Fe/Ni alloy (64:36)) during a pre-electrolysis, the size of the CyD cavity, the concentration of beta-CyD, the supporting electrolyte concentration and the current density applied. The results showed that a Ni matrix together with ultrasound pre-electrolysis treatment allowed a nanostructured nickel deposit on the cathode surface. Under the best electrolysis conditions (2.8 mmol dm(-3) of beta-CyD, 1.0 mol dm(-3) of NH4Cl and a current density of 330 mA dm(-2)), the yield of benzyl alcohol (99%) was 27% higher than that obtained under the same conditions but in the absence of beta-CyD. Taking into account the hydrophobic character of the beta-CyD, the best conditions of the ECH-SA method were applied to the hydrogenation of a variety of organic substrates. Excellent yields and current efficiencies were obtained with arylbenzaldehydes and acetophenone. ECH-SA of styrene gave moderate yield and current efficiency, and the hydrogenation of a terminal non-conjugated olefin (safrole) was not efficient. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.