Giant rosette plant morphology as an indicator of recent fire history in Andean paramo grasslands

High-altitude Andean paramo grasslands are fire-dependent systems but reconstructing recent fire history is difficult using conventional approaches. From Venezuela to Ecuador, paramos are usually dominated by giant rosette plants of the genus Espeletia. This study assesses Espeletia's potential as an indicator of recent fire history. Their peculiar morphology is an adaptation to the mountain environment. Fire removes dead leaves which sheathe the single stem, but they begin to reaccumulate after the fire. It is this reaccumulation of leaves, plus post-fire mortality rates, that might indicate recent fire history. Adult mortality during the first two years after the fire varied according to fire intensity, from 8% (low intensity) to 56% (very high intensity), and was low in the absence of fire (2.5%). Growth rates were much faster at 3600 m (14.8 cm y(-1)) than at 4100 m (1.6 cm y(-1)), and so was leaf turnover (94 compared with 50 leaves y(-1)). Taller plants grew faster than shorter ones. Dead leaf cover on the stems successfully predicted time since fire in four sites of known fire age. Espeletia does represent a useful indicator of fire history but requires calibration to account for local growth rates. At lower altitudes, Espeletia plants could provide information in fires during the previous 20 y, and longer periods at higher altitudes (where plants grow more slowly and live longer). It is a relatively cheap method that could be used to support a wide range of wider studies where recent fire history is influential. A protocol for calibrating the use of Espeletia as an indicator is proposed. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.