Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Nicholas Hendershot, Alejandra Echeverri, Luke O. Frishkoff, James R. Zook, Tadashi Fukami, Gretchen C. Daily
Summary: Although agricultural landscapes can support wildlife in the short term, it is uncertain whether they can truly sustain wildlife populations in the long term. Diversified farming practices help sustain populations of forest-affiliated species, but cannot fully offset the losses in forest habitats.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2023)
Article
Ecology
Terhi Alsila, Merja Elo, Tomi Hakkari, Janne S. Kotiaho
Summary: Restoration of drained peatlands for forestry has a positive impact on non-specialist bird species by decreasing their territories, but no effect on specialist bird species; territories of specialist species remain lower in drained areas. While the bird communities in restored areas still show differences in composition compared to pristine areas, indicating that long-term monitoring is needed to assess the effectiveness of restoration.
RESTORATION ECOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Carly E. Campbell, Darryl N. Jones, Monica Awasthy, J. Guy Castley, Alienor L. M. Chauvenet
Summary: Urban environments are crucial for biodiversity conservation, with birds capable of surviving and even thriving in cities. However, urbanization poses a threat to bird populations, with introduced species decreasing and native urban exploiters increasing in prevalence in Australian urban areas. Monitoring and conservation efforts are important for the persistence of bird species in urban environments.
BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION
(2022)
Article
Ornithology
Cameron L. Rutt, Michael D. Kaller, Philip C. Stouffer
Summary: The study evaluated breeding species and ecological characteristics in disturbed forests in central Amazonia. Results showed fewer breeding species, individuals, and successful breeding attempts in secondary and fragmented forests compared to undisturbed forests. However, some forest-dependent birds were still successfully breeding in disturbed forests, suggesting conservation potential for forest bird populations in landscapes composed of regenerating forest and small fragments.
ORNITHOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Alice C. Hughes, Michael C. Orr, Fumin Lei, Qinmin Yang, Huijie Qiao
Summary: Most ecological studies focus on developed countries, but the rapid urbanisation in developing regions has significant implications for biodiversity. This global analysis reveals that city size and environmental characteristics have varied impacts on bird diversity, but access to green space is a major driver worldwide.
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS
(2022)
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Chun-Jing Wang, Ji-Zhong Wan, Javier Fajardo
Summary: The expansion and intensification of agricultural lands pose increasing threats to species diversity worldwide, particularly in the Neotropics. Non-stationary relationships were found between agricultural lands and genus diversity in the region, with croplands showing a stronger relationship than pasture areas. The impacts of agricultural lands on vertebrate distribution patterns vary depending on genus groups and biomes, emphasizing the need to consider agriculture development in conservation planning.
ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS
(2021)
Article
Ecology
Matthew G. Betts, Zhiqiang Yang, Adam S. Hadley, Adam C. Smith, Josee S. Rousseau, Joseph M. Northrup, Joseph J. Nocera, Noel Gorelick, Brian D. Gerber
Summary: A study in eastern Canada finds that forest-management strategies that lead to simplified forest structure and composition have resulted in loss of breeding habitat and associated population losses for many bird species.
NATURE ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION
(2022)
Article
Ecology
Frederick W. Rainsford, Luke T. Kelly, Steve W. J. Leonard, Andrew F. Bennett
Summary: The study reveals that the impact of prescribed fire on various bird and plant species is complex and diverse, with different types of species showing different levels of adaptability to prescribed fire. Planning on a landscape scale and avoiding burning in moist gullies are crucial to maintaining biodiversity and environmental conservation.
ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Ecology
Clement Gros, Adeline Bulot, Stephanie Aviron, Veronique Beaujouan, Herve Daniel
Summary: This study investigates the effects of mowing practices and the landscape context of urban grasslands on species diversity and composition. The results show that landscape composition has a greater influence on plant species composition than mowing practices, and diversified management practices help limit the establishment of nonnative species and induce a wider range of functional strategies.
FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
(2023)
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Dehui Meng, Yiming Zuo, Huayun Wang, Gang Feng
Summary: Forest bird communities in China captured by camera traps show significant taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity. Most of the bird species observed are ground-dwelling, representing approximately 21% of all Chinese bird species. The phylogenetic diversity and functional diversity of understory birds comprise 28% and 51% of all Chinese bird species, respectively.
GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION
(2021)
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
William Sidemo-Holm, Johan Ekroos, Santiago Reina Garcia, Bo Soderstrom, Marcus Hedblom
Summary: Urbanization negatively impacts woodland-breeding bird species diversity at both local and regional scales. The differences in species composition between urbanization levels are mainly driven by species loss without replacement at the regional scale, while at the local scale, species turnover is the main driver of differences. However, the presence of natural habitats along the entire urbanization gradient is crucial for maintaining diverse local bird communities.
GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Helon Simoes Oliveira, Luiz dos Anjos
Summary: Researchers monitored bird communities in an Atlantic Forest Protected Area in southern Brazil for 10 years, finding variations in species richness but functional redundancy between changing species. Functional erosion was observed in a group of specialist insectivorous passerines. Increases in dispersion of the entire community and functional divergence in non-passerines were also noted. The data suggest random functional structures in the communities, with taxonomic alterations possible due to random substitution but overall functional stability maintained by species redundancy. Different groups of species may have different temporal trajectories and evaluations are necessary to uncover silent alterations in their functional roles.
BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Giorgi Dal Pont, Camila Duarte Ritter, Andre Olivotto Agostinis, Paula Valeska Stica, Aline Horodesky, Nathieli Cozer, Eduardo Balsanelli, Otto Samuel Mader Netto, Caroline Henn, Antonio Ostrensky, Marcio Roberto Pie
Summary: The study used environmental DNA metabarcoding to monitor fish communities in the Parana River, showing that fish diversity was highest at the mouth of the fish pass system, likely due to environmental heterogeneity. Furthermore, a decrease in fish diversity from 2019 to 2020 was attributed to the recent extreme drought experienced in southeastern Brazil.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Ecology
Stephen Pringle, Ngoni Chiweshe, Martin Dallimer
Summary: Habitat alteration due to land-use change poses a major threat to global biodiversity. This study in Zimbabwe found that the conversion of land into subsistence farms resulted in changes in bird community composition and increased similarity between farmland and ranchland. While species diversity decreased, the relatively low level of agricultural activity and a large regional pool of nonspecialist bird species helped mitigate the negative impact on birds.
ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Rocco Labadessa, Leonardo Ancillotto
Summary: The decline of biodiversity due to urban development has raised the need to identify areas most relevant to the conservation of native species. In this study, the multiple role of local geomorphological features in shaping plant diversity patterns and dynamics in an urban area of Italy was assessed. The results showed that landscape remnants played a crucial role in the conservation of native, rare, and specialised species, as well as in maintaining floristic continuity and potential connectivity throughout the urban landscape.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
(2023)
Article
Ecology
Ian MacGregor-Fors, Miguel A. Gomez-Martinez, Luis-Bernardo Vazquez, M. Luisa Martinez
Summary: The tropical forests and mangroves of Cozumel Island are the main ecosystems harboring high avian diversity, with high bird densities and unique species. The contribution of urban settings to avian diversity is limited, including some potentially ecologically threatening invasive species.
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Carlos M. Trujillo-Torres, Fernando Gonzalez-Garcia, Ian MacGregor-Fors
Summary: The study found that the emitted signal was unable to be recorded beyond 80 meters from the emission point. The number and height of physical obstacles played a significant role in the amount of energy recovered from the emitted signal, with built elements being more of a barrier than vegetation. Interestingly, a height of around 7 meters was identified as a common threshold for influencing the recovered energy of the emitted signal, regardless of the type of physical obstacle.
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Michelle Garcia-Arroyo, Miguel A. Gomez-Martinez, Ian MacGregor-Fors
Summary: The Eurasian Collared-Dove poses risks as an invasive species due to its role as a reservoir of diseases and aggressive behavior towards other bird species. A study on its density and distribution in Cozumel found correlations between their abundance and environmental characteristics, such as tree cover and building height.
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Christine C. Rega-Brodsky, Myla F. J. Aronson, Max R. Piana, Ela-Sita Carpenter, Amy K. Hahs, Adriana Herrera-Montes, Sonja Knapp, D. Johan Kotze, Christopher A. Lepczyk, Marco Moretti, Allyson B. Salisbury, Nicholas S. G. Williams, Kirsten Jung, Madhusudan Katti, Ian MacGregor-Fors, J. Scott MacIvor, Frank A. La Sorte, Vallari Sheel, Caragh G. Threfall, Charles H. Nilon
Summary: Since the 1990s, urban biodiversity research has gained increasing recognition. However, the majority of studies have focused on single cities in the Palearctic and Nearctic realms, with a limited scope for research in the Global South and integration of multi-species and multi-trophic interactions. Furthermore, there is a need to link biodiversity to ecosystem function and services.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Federico Morelli, Lucas M. Leveau, Peter Mikula, Ian MacGregor-Fors, M. Lucia Bocelli, Sergio Gabriel Quesada-Acuna, Cesar Gonzalez-Lagos, Pablo Gutierrez-Tapia, Gabriela Franzoi Dri, Carlos A. Delgado-V., Alvaro Garitano Zavala, Jackeline Campos, Ruben Ortega-Alvarez, A. Isain Contreras-Rodriguez, Daniela Souza Lopez, Maria Cecilia B. Toledo, Andres Sarquis, Alejandro Giraudo, Ada Lilian Echevarria, Maria Elisa Fanjul, Maria Valeria Martinez, Josefina Haedo, Luis Gonzalo Cano Sanz, Yuri Adais Pena Dominguez, Viviana Fernandez, Veronica Marinero, Vinicius Abilhoa, Rafael Amorin, Carla Suertegaray Fontana, Thaiane Weinert da Silva, Sarah Sandri Zalewski Vargas, Juan F. Escobar Ibanez, Maria Dolores Juri, Sergio R. Camin, Luis Marone, Augusto Joao Piratelli, Alexandre Gabriel Franchin, Larissa Crispim, Julieta Benitez, Yanina Benedetti
Summary: The escape behavior, measured as flight initiation distance (FID), is widely used to study fearfulness and risk-taking in animals. This study found that birds in Latin American cemeteries escape earlier than birds in urban parks, in contrast to previous findings in Europe. These differences may be associated with the evolutionary history and urbanization process of bird species in different regions.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Review
Ornithology
Leticia Soares, Kristina L. Cockle, Ernesto Ruelas Inzunza, Jose Tomas Ibarra, Carolina Isabel Mino, Santiago Zuluaga, Elisa Bonaccorso, Juan Camilo Rios-Orjuela, Flavia A. Montano-Centellas, Juan F. Freile, Maria A. Echeverry-Galvis, Eugenia Bianca Bonaparte, Luisa Maria Diele-Viegas, Karina Speziale, Sergio A. Cabrera-Cruz, Orlando Acevedo-Charry, Enriqueta Velarde, Cecilia Cuatianquiz Lima, Valeria S. Ojeda, Carla S. Fontana, Alejandra Echeverri, Sergio A. Lambertucci, Regina H. Macedo, Alberto Esquivel, Steven C. Latta, Irene Ruvalcaba-Ortega, Maria Alice S. Alves, Diego Santiago-Alarcon, Alejandro Bodrati, Fernando Gonzalez-Garcia, Nestor Farina, Juan Esteban Martinez-Gomez, Ruben Ortega-Alvarez, Maria Gabriela Nunez Montellano, Camila C. Ribas, Carlos Bosque, Adrian S. Di Giacomo, Juan Areta, Carine Emer, Lourdes Mugica Valdes, Clementina Gonzalez, Maria Emilia Rebollo, Giselle Mangini, Carlos Lara, Jose Cristobal Pizarro, Victor R. Cueto, Pablo Rafael Bolanos-Sittler, Juan Francisco Ornelas, Martin Acosta, Marcos Cenizo, Miguel Angelo Marini, Leopoldo D. Vazquez-Reyes, Jose Antonio Gonzalez-Oreja, Leandro Bugoni, Martin Quiroga, Valentina Ferretti, Lilian T. Manica, Juan M. Grande, Flor Rodriguez-Gomez, Soledad Diaz, Nicole Buettner, Lucia Mentesana, Marconi Campos-Cerqueira, Fernando Gabriel Lopez, Andre C. Guaraldo, Ian MacGregor-Fors, Francisca Helena Aguiar-Silva, Cristina Y. Miyaki, Silvina Ippi, Emilse Merida, Cecilia Kopuchian, Cintia Cornelius, Paula L. Enriquez, Natalia Ocampo-Penuela, Katherine Renton, Jhan C. Salazar, Luis Sandoval, Jorge Correa Sandoval, Pedro X. Astudillo, Ancilleno O. Davis, Nicolas Cantero, David Ocampo, Oscar Humberto Marin Gomez, Sergio Henrique Borges, Sergio Cordoba-Cordoba, Alejandro G. Pietrek, Carlos B. de Araujo, Guillermo Fernandez, Horacio de la Cueva, Joao Marcos Guimaraes Capurucho, Nicole A. Gutierrez-Ramos, Ariane Ferreira, Lilian Mariana Costa, Cecilia Soldatini, Hannah M. Madden, Miguel Angel Santillan, Gustavo Jimenez-Uzcategui, Emilio A. Jordan, Guilherme Henrique Silva Freitas, Paulo C. Pulgarin-R, Roberto Carlos Almazan-Nunez, Tomas Altamirano, Milka R. Gomez, Myriam C. Velazquez, Rebeca Irala, Facundo A. Gandoy, Andrea C. Trigueros, Carlos A. Ferreyra, Yuri Vladimir Albores-Barajas, Markus Tellkamp, Carine Dantas Oliveira, Andrea Weiler, Ma del Coro Arizmendi, Adrianne G. Tossas, Rebecca Zarza, Gabriel Serra, Rafael Villegas-Patraca, Facundo Gabriel Di Sallo, Cleiton Valentim, Jorge Ignacio Noriega, Giraldo Alayon Garcia, Martin R. de la Pena, Rosendo M. Fraga, Pedro Vitor Ribeiro Martins
Summary: To advance Neotropical ornithology, it is crucial to address systemic exclusion, improve research practices, and provide better funding and professional development opportunities. Collaborative leadership, investment in basic field biology research, and the promotion of anti-colonial agendas are key to progress.
ORNITHOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Ecology
Joao Carlos Pena, Otso Ovaskainen, Ian MacGregor-Fors, Camila Palhares Teixeira, Milton Cezar Ribeiro
Summary: The urbanization process leads to changes in bird communities, with highly urbanized areas exhibiting a reduced number of bird species sharing few functional traits. However, most urban bird studies have focused on temperate cities and vegetation patches. This study investigates how urban environmental attributes modulate species occurrences and the distribution of functional traits across the streetscape of a tropical metropolis, predicting diverse trait-environment relationships but fewer species with generalist traits in highly urbanized contexts.
LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING
(2023)
Article
Plant Sciences
Felipe Aoki-Goncalves, Joao Carlos Pena, Tarin Toledo-Aceves, Ian MacGregor-Fors
Summary: A study found that the woody cover on the streets of a city in the Neotropical region is positively related to bromeliad species richness, but not to community composition. This suggests that microclimatic conditions and seed availability may be key factors in the establishment of bromeliad species in urban environments.
URBAN FORESTRY & URBAN GREENING
(2023)
Article
Ornithology
Rafael Rueda-Hernandez, Angelina Ruiz-Sanchez, Ian MacGregor-Fors, Katherine Renton
Summary: Forest periurban areas have the potential to mitigate the effects of landscape modification, but their unsupervised management affects the availability of resources for cavity-nesting vertebrates. Our study in Veracruz, Mexico evaluated the ecological importance of snags for cavity-nesting birds in different periurban cloud forest remnants. We found that the availability of suitable cavities, as well as the richness and density of cavity-nesting birds, was lower in smaller forest fragments compared to larger ones.
WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Sini Rautjarvi, Ian MacGregor-Fors
Summary: Ecological conditions are influenced by human-environment interactions, and understanding the relationships between people and nature is crucial. Previous studies suggested a positive correlation between economic wealth and biodiversity in urban areas. However, this study found no clear relationship between economic wealth and biodiversity proxies in a medium-sized city in Finland.
Article
Biology
Eleanor S. Diamant, Ian MacGregor-Fors, Daniel T. Blumstein, Pamela J. Yeh
Summary: After the COVID-19 pandemic, human activity in cities significantly changed as people worldwide stayed home. This provided an opportunity for researchers to study how urban animals respond to human disturbance, testing fundamental questions on the impact of urban behaviors on animal behavior. However, as human activity returned to cities, the effects of these shifts on wildlife in the short and long term became a concern.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Amy K. Hahs, Bertrand Fournier, Myla F. J. Aronson, Charles H. Nilon, Adriana Herrera-Montes, Allyson B. Salisbury, Caragh G. Threlfall, Christine C. Rega-Brodsky, Christopher A. Lepczyk, Frank A. La Sorte, Ian MacGregor-Fors, J. Scott MacIvor, Kirsten Jung, Max R. Piana, Nicholas S. G. Williams, Sonja Knapp, Alan Vergnes, Aldemar A. Acevedo, Alison M. Gainsbury, Ana Rainho, Andrew J. Hamer, Assaf Shwartz, Christian C. Voigt, Daniel Lewanzik, David M. Lowenstein, David O'Brien, Desiree Tommasi, Eduardo Pineda, Ela Sita Carpenter, Elena Belskaya, Gabor L. Loevei, James C. Makinson, Joanna L. Coleman, Jon P. Sadler, Jordan Shroyer, Julie Teresa Shapiro, Katherine C. R. Baldock, Kelly Ksiazek-Mikenas, Kevin C. Matteson, Kyle Barrett, Lizette Siles, Luis F. Aguirre, Luis Orlando Armesto, Marcin Zalewski, Maria Isabel Herrera-Montes, Martin K. Obrist, Rebecca K. Tonietto, Sara A. Gagne, Sarah J. Hinners, Tanya Latty, Thilina D. Surasinghe, Thomas Sattler, Tibor Magura, Werner Ulrich, Zoltan Elek, Jennifer Castaneda-Oviedo, Ricardo Torrado, D. Johan Kotze, Marco Moretti
Summary: Cities can support diverse and distinct biological communities, but urbanization also leads to the loss of habitats and species. This global analysis on vertebrate and invertebrate species shows that urbanization causes taxon-specific changes in trait composition, with reproductive strategy traits showing the strongest response. Maximizing opportunities to support different urban trait syndromes is crucial for conservation and management programs in cities.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Ornithology
Michelle Garcia-Arroyo, Miguel A. Gomez-Martinez, Ian MacGregor-Fors
Summary: This study examines the foraging behavior of 13 bird species in urban trash bins in six southern Finnish cities. The results show that bird activity significantly differs among cities and bin types, and is significantly increased after the placement of bait. Bins with larger openings have higher activity, and corvids and gulls are the most active species. The study highlights the importance of suitable waste management measures in reducing bird activity near trash bins, benefiting both bird and human health.
Article
Ornithology
Cristel Alvarez-Castillo, Ian MacGregor-Fors, Stefan L. Arriaga-Weiss, Claudio Mota-Vargas, Diego Santiago-Alarcon
Summary: Psittacidae birds, including the White-fronted Parrot, have successfully adapted to urban environments due to their generalist feeding and opportunistic behavior. The abundance of White-fronted Parrots is higher in Xalapa than in Coatepec, and it remains consistent across years. Non-native plants make up a significant portion of their diet in Xalapa, with seeds being the most commonly consumed resource. The diet of White-fronted Parrots is specialized, mainly consisting of two plant species. The presence of exotic plant species in urban environments may have aided the establishment of parrot species.
Article
Environmental Studies
Ian MacGregor-Fors, Ina Falfan, Michelle Garcia-Arroyo, Richard Lemoine-Rodriguez, Miguel A. Gomez-Martinez, Oscar H. Marin-Gomez, Octavio Perez-Maqueo, Miguel Equihua
Summary: A novel and customizable procedure for quantifying urban ecosystem integrity is proposed in this study. The Urban Ecosystem Integrity Index (UEII) is developed as an easy-to-use tool to evaluate the differences between urban ecosystems and reference systems. Applying the UEII in a Mexican tropical city, the overall ecosystem integrity was found to be low.
Article
Ecology
Alexander M. Cancelli, Frank A. P. C. Gobas
Summary: A mechanistic model was developed to assess the removal efficiency of pollutants in a wetland system, particularly in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW). The model simulated wetland mechanisms of chemical removal and showed that sustained wetland treatment is feasible. It is a helpful tool to evaluate the feasibility of treatment systems and to assess trade-offs in wetland design and operation.
ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Ecology
Prakash Singh Thapa, Hiromu Daimaru, Seiji Yanai
Summary: This study assessed the vegetation recovery and erosion condition in a landslide area in central Japan. The results show that the upper slope, where reforestation activities were implemented, has seen significant vegetation recovery and no significant erosion, while the lower slope lacks vegetation and has experienced continued erosion.
ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Ecology
Mike Jerauld, Forrest Dierberg, Thomas DeBusk, Scott Jackson, Kevin Grace, John Juston
Summary: The Everglades Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) are constructed wetlands built to remove phosphorus (P) from agricultural and urban runoff in support of Everglades restoration. Research shows that the levels of calcium (Ca) and alkalinity (Alk) have an impact on phosphorus removal in these wetlands.
ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Ecology
Kalindhi Larios, Stefan Gerber, Rafael Munoz-Carpena, Patrick Inglett, K. Ramesh Reddy, Michael Chimney
Summary: This study modeled the phosphorus biogeochemical dynamics in one of the best performing Everglades treatment wetlands and found that the complexity of the hydrological system significantly affected the simulated water column P concentration. The modeling tool developed in this study can guide future data collection and optimization efforts for treatment wetlands in the Everglades.
ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Ecology
Jing Hu, Benjamin Baiser, R. Thomas James, K. Ramesh Reddy
Summary: This study examined the long-term phosphorus retention in Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) and identified the factors influencing their performance. The results showed that the operational performance of STAs improved over time. There were notable differences among individual STAs, with the co-precipitation of phosphorus with calcium playing a critical role in one of the STAs. This highlights the complexity of phosphorus removal in STAs and the need for site-specific management strategies.
ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Ecology
Odi Villapando, K. R. Reddy, J. King
Summary: The biogeochemical response to different flow conditions within two parallel flow-ways in Everglades Stormwater Treatment Area (STA)-2 was studied. It was found that there was a gradual decrease in the total phosphorus (TP) concentration from inflow to outflow for both emergent aquatic vegetation (EAV) and submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) dominated systems, with EAV showing a higher reduction rate. Significant increase in TP concentration was observed in the SAV system under no flow condition, possibly due to the production of particulate phosphorus (PP) through various mechanisms.
ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
(2024)