Journal
DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE
Volume 133, Issue 1, Pages 61-70Publisher
ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.032
Keywords
Impulsivity; Cocaine; Recreational use; Stimulants; Addiction; ADHD; Barratt Impulsivity Scale; Impulse control
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Funding
- Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) [PP00P1-123516/1]
- Olga Mayenfisch Foundation
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Background: Dependent cocaine users consistently display increased trait impulsivity on self-report questionnaires and less consistently exhibit elevated motor impulsivity in some behavioral tasks. However, trait and behavioral impulsivity measures have rarely been investigated in recreational users. Therefore, we examined self-reported trait and motor impulsivities in recreational and dependent cocaine users to clarify the role of impulse control in cocaine addiction and non-dependent cocaine use. Methods: We investigated relatively pure recreational (n = 68) and dependent (n = 30) cocaine users, as well as psychostimulant-naive controls (n = 68), with self-report questionnaires (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale 11; Temperament and Character Inventory) and behavioral tasks (Rapid Visual Information Processing Task; Stop-Signal Task). Results: Compared with controls, recreational and dependent cocaine users displayed higher trait impulsivity and novelty seeking scores on self-report questionnaires. Trait impulsivity scores were strongly associated with an increased number of symptoms of depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and correlated significantly with long-term cocaine intake parameters. By contrast, none of the behavioral motor impulsivity measures showed significant group effects or correlated with cocaine use parameters. The correlations among the self-report measures were high, but self-reports were scarcely correlated with behavioral task measures. Conclusions: These findings suggest that relatively pure cocaine users already display increased trait impulsivity at a recreational level of use. However, the results do not indicate any cocaine-related elevation of behavioral impulsivity in terms of motor or response inhibition. In summary, our data imply that elevated trait impulsivity is not a specific feature of dependent cocaine use. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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