Journal
DIABETIC MEDICINE
Volume 30, Issue 11, Pages 1342-1348Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/dme.12222
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Funding
- Peninsula National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Clinical Research Facility
- Department of Health
- Peninsula Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (PenCLAHRC)
- NIHR
- Wellcome Trust
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility
- Diabetes UK
- National Institute for Health Research [PDA/02/06/098, NIHR-HCS-P12-03-03, DRF-2010-03-72, NF-SI-0611-10219, ACF-2009-23-001] Funding Source: researchfish
- National Institutes of Health Research (NIHR) [NIHR-HCS-P12-03-03] Funding Source: National Institutes of Health Research (NIHR)
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AimsTo determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of absolute insulin deficiency in long-standing Type 2 diabetes, using a strategy based on home urinary C-peptide creatinine ratio measurement. MethodsWe assessed the urinary C-peptide creatinine ratios, from urine samples taken at home 2h after the largest meal of the day, in 191 insulin-treated subjects with Type 2 diabetes (diagnosis age 45years, no insulin in the first year). If the initial urinary C-peptide creatinine ratio was 0.2nmol/mmol (representing absolute insulin deficiency), the assessment was repeated. A standardized mixed-meal tolerance test with 90-min stimulated serum C-peptide measurement was performed in nine subjects with a urinary C-peptide creatinine ratio 0.2nmol/mmol (and in nine controls with a urinary C-peptide creatinine ratio >0.2nmol/mmol) to confirm absolute insulin deficiency. ResultsA total of 2.7% of participants had absolute insulin deficiency confirmed by a mixed-meal tolerance test. They were identified initially using urinary C-peptide creatinine ratio: 11/191 subjects (5.8%) had two consistent urinary C-peptide creatinine ratios 0.2nmol/mmol; 9 of these 11 subjects completed a mixed-meal tolerance test and had a median stimulated serum C-peptide of 0.18nmol/l. Five of these 9 had stimulated serum C-peptide <0.2nmol/l and 9/9 subjects with urinary C-peptide creatinine ratio >0.2 had endogenous insulin secretion confirmed by the mixed-meal tolerance test. Compared with subjects with a urinary C-peptide creatinine ratio >0.2nmol/mmol, those with confirmed absolute insulin deficiency had a shorter time to insulin treatment (median 2.5 vs. 6years, P=0.005) and lower BMI (25.1 vs. 29.1kg/m(2), P=0.04). Two out of the five patients with absolute insulin deficiency were glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody-positive. ConclusionsAbsolute insulin deficiency may occur in long-standing Type 2 diabetes, and cannot be reliably predicted by clinical features or autoantibodies. Absolute insulin deficiency in Type 2 diabetes may increase the risk of hypoglycaemia and ketoacidosis, as in Type 1 diabetes. Its recognition should help guide treatment, education and management. The urinary C-peptide creatinine ratio is a practical non-invasive method to aid detection of absolute insulin deficiency, with a urinary C-peptide creatinine ratio > 0.2nmol/mmol being a reliable indicator of retained endogenous insulin secretion.
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