Journal
DESALINATION
Volume 350, Issue -, Pages 28-34Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2014.07.002
Keywords
Boron; N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA); N-nitrosamines; Spiral wound membrane elements; Reverse osmosis (RO); Water reuse
Categories
Funding
- Australian Research Council Linkage Projects [LP0990705]
- University of Wollongong
- Veolia Water and Seqwater
- Australian Research Council [LP0990705] Funding Source: Australian Research Council
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N-nitrosamines and boron are small solutes of particular concern during water recycling applications. Here, we evaluated the rejection of seven N-nitrosamines and boron under a range of operating conditions and feed solution characteristics. The evaluation was conducted using a pilot-scale reverse osmosis (RO) system to appropriately simulate hydrodynamic conditions of full-scale RO installations. The rejection of seven N-nitrosamines by the pilot RO system varied significantly in the range from 31 to 94%, and rejection increased in the increasing order of their molecular weight. Rejection values obtained from this pilot-scale study were lower than those previously reported in laboratory-scale studies. These discrepancies were attributed to a difference in RO system operating condition (i.e. recovery) between the pilot-scale study (25%) and laboratory-scale study (<0.1%). Nevertheless, rejection data reported here validate the recent findings from laboratory-scale studies with respect to the impact of permeate flux, feed temperature and feed pH on separation efficiencies of N-nitrosamines. Data obtained from this pilot-scale study also validate the strong correlation between boron and NDMA rejection at or below pH 8 regardless of operating conditions and feed solution characteristics. The results suggest that boron rejection can be used as a surrogate for NDMA rejection in full-scale RO installations. Crown Copyright (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier BAT. All rights reserved.
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