Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Gaelle Rondepierre, Franz De Soete, Nicolas Passade-Boupat, Francois Lequeux, Laurence Talini, Laurent Limat, Emilie Verneuil
Summary: The dynamics of the contact line in a triple-phase system of silica/oil/water were investigated, revealing a significant decrease in contact line velocity upon the addition of cationic surfactants. A model was derived to successfully explain the selected contact line velocity, and it was demonstrated that the increase in friction coefficient with surfactant concentration is due to the nonlinear adsorption isotherm.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Shameran Jamal Salih, Aram Salahuddin Abdul Kareem, Sewgil Saaduldeen Anwer
Summary: This study proposes the use of raw corncob as a novel, low-cost, and highly efficient adsorbent for the removal of textile dyes. By optimizing various parameters, it was found that corncob exhibited good adsorption properties and had high adsorption capacity for the dyes.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Eid M. S. Azzam, Walaa Elsofany, Ghanimah K. Alrashdi, Khalaf M. Alenezi, Abdulmohsen K. D. Alsukaibi, Salman Latif, Fahad Abdulaziz, Ayman M. Atta
Summary: The study aimed to fabricate a nanocomposite material combining the features of surfactants, nanoparticles, and silica gel for the efficient removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution. The fabricated nanocomposite showed high adsorption efficiency, leading to effective removal of Cu(II) ions.
ARABIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Sundus Saeed Qureshi, Vaishali Shah, Sabzoi Nizamuddin, N. M. Mubarak, Rama Rao Karri, Mohammad Hadi Dehghani, S. Ramesh, Mohammad Khalid, Muhammad Ekhlasur Rahman
Summary: In this study, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used to remove toxic dyes, and the removal parameters were optimized using response surface methodology. The results showed that a removal rate of up to 81% could be achieved under appropriate pH, initial concentration, and contact time conditions. The experimental data fitted well with the Langmuir model and pseudo-first-order kinetic model.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS
(2022)
Review
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Norshila Abu Bakar, Norzila Othman, Zalilah Murni Yunus, Wahid Ali Hamood Altowayti, Muhammad Tahir, Nurina Fitriani, Siti Nor Aishah Mohd-Salleh
Summary: Textile industry effluents containing high concentrations of heavy metals are harmful to humans, plants, and animals. Adsorption technology, particularly using activated carbon from agricultural waste such as banana peel, is an effective and eco-friendly method for heavy metal removal in textile wastewater treatment. Different heavy metals show varying affinity towards adsorbents, with Ni2+ and Cd2+ having lower affinity, requiring adsorbents with high porosity and surface area for their removal.
ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Maria Eduarda Barbosa Araujo, Vanderlane Cavalcanti Silva, Jucielle Veras Fernandes, Juliana Melo Cartaxo, Alisson Mendes Rodrigues, Romualdo Rodrigues Menezes, Gelmires de Araujo Neves
Summary: This study evaluated waste rock from bentonite mining as potential adsorbents for removing cationic dyes from contaminated water. The waste samples were characterized and their adsorption efficiency was investigated. Sample AM02 showed the best adsorptive performance for both dyes, with removal rates higher than 90%. The adsorption process was predominantly endothermic and spontaneous. Waste rock samples proved to be promising candidates for removing cationic dyes.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Shixin Li, Hui Chen, Yingna Li, Ziqian Du, Liying Bin, Weidong Li, Fenglian Fu, Ping Li, Bing Tang
Summary: The study focuses on developing a low-cost and efficient adsorbent for removing refractory dyestuffs from wastewater. By using waste aluminium polishing solution, a composite hydrated alumina (CHA) with a flower-like shape was successfully prepared. The adsorbent displayed excellent selectivity and adsorption capacity for Congo red (CR) due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between CHA and CR molecules. This research provides a novel approach to remove organic pollutants from wastewater using an inexpensive adsorbent derived from industrial waste.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Mamoun Fellah, Naouel Hezil, Kamel Guerfi, Ridha Djellabi, Alex Montagne, Alain Iost, Kirill Borodin, Aleksei Obrosov
Summary: The study found that anionic surfactant showed better adsorption on kaolinite compared to cationic surfactant; the adsorption kinetics fit the pseudo-second-order model well; BDDAB adsorption tended to follow Langmuir-Freundlich and Freundlich isotherm models, while SDS adsorption adhered only to the Langmuir-Freundlich model.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shams Kalam, Sidqi A. Abu-Khamsin, Muhammad Shahzad Kamal, S. M. Shakil Hussain, Kion Norrman, Mohamed Mahmoud, Shirish Patil
Summary: This study investigates the adsorption mechanism of a novel cationic gemini surfactant on different rocks. The experimental results show that adsorption is significantly higher in sandstone rocks compared to carbonates, possibly due to the higher density of negative charges on sandstone. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy reveal morphological and vibrational changes after the adsorption of the surfactant on different rocks. Adsorption isotherm modeling suggests that the adsorption mechanism varies in different rocks.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Mohd Saquib Tanweer, Zafar Iqbal, Masood Alam
Summary: This study successfully prepared three-dimensional polyaniline/activated silica gel nanocomposites and investigated their potential as adsorbents for dyes. The nanocomposites exhibited high adsorption capacities for cationic and anionic dyes, with the adsorption mechanism involving electrostatic interaction, pi-pi interaction, and hydrogen bonding.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Nazanin Taheri, Mohammad Dinari
Summary: In this research, a porous organic polymer (FC-POP-EDA@Fe3O4) with accessible binding sites was successfully synthesized. The synthesized adsorbent exhibited superior adsorption towards cationic dyes and showed well-defined crystallinity and a specific surface area of 402.11 m(2) g(-1). The results suggested that FC-POP-EDA@Fe3O4 is a promising adsorbent for the selective removal of cationic dyes from textile wastewater.
NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Namrah Akhtar, Zaheer Aslam, Reyad A. Shawabkeh, Nadeem Baig, Umair Aslam, Ihsanullah Ihsanullah, Salahuddin Khan
Summary: In this study, waste fly ash was treated with acid activation and subsequent amine functionalization to improve its properties. The modified waste fly ash showed good adsorption performance for different dyes in wastewater. The adsorption behavior of the dyes was influenced by the type of dye and the presence of other dyes in the solution. The kinetics and thermodynamics of the adsorption process were analyzed, and a monolayer uptake capacity was determined for each dye. Overall, the modified waste fly ash proved to be an effective adsorbent for dye-bearing wastewater.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Martin Caldera-Villalobos, Jesus Alejandro Claudio-Rizo, Denis Aidee Cabrera-Munguia, Nidia Guadalupe Burciaga-Montemayor
Summary: In this study, a biobased hydrogel comprised of collagen, chitosan, and polyurethane was synthesized for the removal of textile dyes. The addition of a magnesium metal-organic framework improved the adsorption capacity of the hydrogel, resulting in a composite hydrogel. The experimental results showed that both hydrogel formulations were efficient in removing textiles dyes from wastewaters. A flocculant material prepared from collagen and chitosan also exhibited significant dye removal capability. The studied hydrogels were found to be potentially biodegradable.
WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Hailu Demissie, Guangyu An, Ruyuan Jiao, Gefei Ma, Libing Liu, Hongyan Sun, Dongsheng Wang
Summary: The study investigates the use of coated sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) on aluminum oxide nanoclusters for water treatment, achieving efficient removal of contaminants and suspended particles. This technology reduces processing steps and operational complexity, offering an environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternative for water treatment at a large scale.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xueyi Hu, Lulu Han, Yun Fang, Yongmei Xia
Summary: A series of sodium linear alkyl polyoxypropylene ether sulfates were synthesized and the formation of bilayer admicelles of C12P9S on alumina was identified. These admicelles showed strong adsolubilization capacities for weak polar PA molecules, making them potential candidates for applications in wastewater treatment and drug delivery systems.
CHEMICAL JOURNAL OF CHINESE UNIVERSITIES-CHINESE
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Utpal Ghosh, Ankush Majumdar, Anjali Pal
Summary: A novel 3D macroporous structure of graphitic carbon nitride composed of self-assembled 2D nitrogen vacancy engineered nanosheets was fabricated through a facile synthesis method. The photocatalyst exhibited superior photocatalytic efficiency towards tetracycline antibiotic degradation under LED light illumination, attributed to its extended visible light extraction efficiency, increased suppression efficacy of charge carriers, and porous structure. The material also showed excellent stability even after five cycles of photocatalytic tetracycline degradation.
MATERIALS RESEARCH BULLETIN
(2021)
Review
Environmental Sciences
Preeti Pal, Anjali Pal, Kazunori Nakashima, Brijesh Kumar Yadav
Summary: Chitosan is a globally available biomaterial with advantages of availability, low cost, high biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Modifications have been made to expand its applications. It is widely used in environmental remediation and the demand for it is growing in the global industrial market.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ankush Majumdar, Utpal Ghosh, Anjali Pal
Summary: A novel visible-light-responsive 2D/2D g-C3N4/Bi4NbO8Cl nano-composite photocatalyst was successfully synthesized and demonstrated high photocatalytic degradation efficiency towards oxytetracycline. The improved performance can be attributed to the formation of a type-II heterojunction, which enhances visible light absorption and reduces recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Additionally, the nano-composite exhibited good stability after multiple cycles of degradation experiments, showing potential for low-cost and energy-efficient environmental remediation applications.
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Subhadeep Biswas, Anjali Pal
Summary: The development of sustainable green catalysts, using alginate hydrogel beads as support for iron oxide, has shown efficient reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol. The catalysts exhibit stability, cost-effectiveness, non-toxicity, and reusability for multiple cycles.
MATERIALS TODAY COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Imon Kalyan, Tarasankar Pal, Anjali Pal
Summary: The study successfully synthesized two different sizes of hollow gold nanoparticles through Galvanic replacement reaction (GRR) and immobilized them on cationic surfactant-modified silica. It was found that smaller particles exhibited higher catalytic activity than larger particles, and solid-supported catalysts showed advantages in terms of shelf-life and ease of application compared to solution-phase catalysts.
SURFACES AND INTERFACES
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Utpal Ghosh, Anjali Pal
Summary: An all-solid-state Z scheme composite with excellent photocatalytic degradation performance and stability has been successfully designed through a single-step hydrothermal treatment.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ankush Majumdar, Utpal Ghosh, Anjali Pal
Summary: A 2D-Bi4NbO8Cl nanosheet (BNOCF) photocatalyst was fabricated using a molten salt or flux method and exhibited a higher degradation efficiency towards tetracycline (TCH) compared to bulk-Bi4NbO8Cl (BNOCS). The increased efficiency was attributed to the 2D architecture of BNOCF, which provided a larger surface area and reduced charge recombination rate.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2022)
Review
Engineering, Environmental
Ankurita Nath, Subhadeep Biswas, Anjali Pal
Summary: Continuous release of synthetic organic pollutants in the ecosystem, such as Bisphenol A (BPA), poses a global concern due to their toxicity and persistent nature. This review focuses on the investigation of heterogeneous catalysts used for the degradation of BPA through Fenton-like reactions, which are commonly employed for wastewater remediation. The review documents the application of various Fenton catalysts, their morphological characteristics, oxidizing properties, toxicity analysis, and the current state of BPA degradation. Challenges and prospects for analyzing degradation products of landfill leachate are also highlighted.
WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Utpal Ghosh, Anjali Pal, Tarasankar Pal
Summary: In recent years, there has been great interest in near-infrared (NIR) active photocatalysts for their ability to harvest solar NIR energy. However, the quick energy relaxation of plasmon-generated hot electrons hinders their application in photocatalysis. This review summarizes the recent progress in plasmon-induced NIR active photocatalysis and discusses the drawbacks, solutions, and potential of non-noble metal plasmonic photocatalysis.
ADVANCED MATERIALS INTERFACES
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Ankurita Nath, Subhadeep Biswas, Preeti Pal, Anjali Pal
Summary: In this study, chitosan hydrogel beads and surfactant-modified chitosan hydrogel beads were used to remove Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions, and the waste beads loaded with Cu(II) ions were used as catalysts for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol. The results showed that the surfactant-modified beads exhibited superior catalytic performance compared to the normal beads.
MATERIALS TODAY COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Imon Kalyan, Subhadeep Biswas, Tarasankar Pal, Anjali Pal
Summary: This study prepared zero valent arsenic nanoparticles in two different size ranges and used them to synthesize silver nanoparticles. The prepared nanoparticles were immobilized onto surfactant-modified silica and used as catalysts for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol. The homogeneous catalysts were found to be more efficient than the supported catalysts. In addition, smaller sized nanoparticles showed higher reaction rates in both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic reactions.
MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Subhadeep Biswas, Anjali Pal
Summary: This study demonstrates a novel protocol for the treatment of dye wastewater and selective extraction of desired dye using biopolymer composite hydrogel beads. The application of biopolymers for wastewater treatment and resource recovery from the waste stream is of great significance. The results also show that the biopolymer composite beads exhibit good reusability and high recovery rate in real wastewater.
MATERIALS TODAY COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Ankurita Nath, Subhadeep Biswas, Anjali Pal
Summary: In this study, eggshell powder (ESP) was used as a selective heterogeneous catalyst for the oxidative degradation of crystal violet (CV) dye in aqueous media. ESP acted as a carbonate (CO32) source, facilitating the formation of carbonate anion radicals (CO3 (center dot-)) in the presence of H2O2. The combination of these radicals and center dot OH radicals led to the selective degradation of CV dye. The use of ESP as a catalyst offers a promising route for CV degradation and the utilization of eggshell waste.
MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Ashish Kumar Nayak, Anjali Pal
Summary: This study prepared reusable bioadsorbents derived from overripe Abelmoschus esculentus seeds using thermodynamically-regulated esterification with carboxylic acids. The carboxylic acid-modified materials showed high adsorption capacity for gentian violet dye, with optimal conditions found at pH 5.67 and 45 degrees C. The adsorption process was determined to be endothermic, spontaneous, and favorable, with chemisorption and physisorption playing key roles. Additionally, artificial neural networks were successfully utilized to model and predict the non-linear relationships of process parameters in the adsorption process, demonstrating their applicability in predicting adsorption capacity.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Utpal Ghosh, Ankush Majumdar, Anjali Pal
Summary: The potential of graphitic carbon nitride in the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 has been extensively explored, with heterostructure fabrication being the most efficient method for improving charge carrier separation efficiency. This review summarizes recent progress and design considerations of graphitic carbon nitride based heterostructures for CO2 reduction, highlighting the unique characteristics and potential applications in enhancing CO2 adsorption and activation efficacy.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Arvin Sohrabi, Mousa Meratizaman, Shuli Liu
Summary: This paper simulates and discusses possible solutions to improve the economic and technical performances of a battery-less renewable energy-powered BWRO system under real climate conditions. The study finds that the photovoltaic-based system performs better in terms of specific energy consumption and unused energy ratio.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Chunlan Pan, Xiaoyin Hu, Vishal Goyal, Theyab R. Alsenani, Salem Alkhalaf, Tamim Alkhalifah, Fahad Alturise, Hamad Almujibah, H. Elhosiny Ali
Summary: This paper introduces a novel waste heat recovery method using the hot flue gas from a ship's engine to produce liquefied hydrogen while meeting the ship's air-conditioning requirement. A comprehensive feasibility assessment is conducted and an artificial neural network with a multiobjective grey wolf optimization method is used for optimization. The findings indicate the highest mean sensitivity index of the flash temperature and the best optimization scenario for exergy efficiency, CO2 emission reduction, and liquefied hydrogen cost.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Daniele Chinello, Jan Post, Louis C. P. M. de Smet
Summary: In this study, PVDF-based anion-exchange membranes were designed to selectively separate nitrate from chloride. Experimental data showed that increasing the concentration of PVDF enhanced nitrate transport but also increased the membrane electrical resistance. The selectivity of nitrate was found to be independent of the membrane thickness and mainly driven by the increased affinity between the anion and the membrane.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Umar Noor, Muhammad Fayyaz Farid, Ammara Sharif, Amna Saleem, Zubair Nabi, Muhammad Furqan Mughal, Kiran Abbas, Toheed Ahmed
Summary: Global water scarcity is increasing, and water desalination is an important solution. Multifunctional advanced materials, such as membrane materials and solar-driven desalination, play a crucial role in water desalination. Additionally, these materials can be used for water purification, wastewater treatment, and pollutant elimination.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Emrah Gumus
Summary: With growing global concerns about climate change and environmental impacts, the use of nuclear energy in naval vessels offers a cleaner and more efficient solution to reduce emissions and address water and energy supply challenges. This study explores a novel system that combines a nuclear-driven supercritical carbon dioxide power cycle with reverse osmosis cogeneration to meet the water and electricity demands in maritime operations, enhancing the sustainability, efficiency, and self-sufficiency of naval vessels. The results indicate that the system has the potential to be a viable and effective solution for naval operations.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Dao Thi Thanh Huyen, Saikat Sinha Ray, Young -Nam Kwon
Summary: This study focuses on the modification of a commercially available polyamide thin-film composite membrane with a zwitterionic material to enhance its fouling resistance. The modified membrane shows improved salt rejection and reduced permeability compared to the pristine membrane. Fouling tests demonstrate that the modified membrane has a lower fouling ratio and higher recovery ratio. The enhanced antifouling characteristics are attributed to the improved hydrophilicity resulting from the zwitterionic brushes and the salting-in effect.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Niklas Koeller, Lukas Mankertz, Selina Finger, Christian J. Linnartz, Matthias Wessling
Summary: This study presents a methodology to scale up Flow-electrode Capacitive Deionization (FCDI) technology from lab-scale to pilot-scale systems. By increasing membrane area and using a stacking approach, the FCDI modules were successfully scaled up and achieved a salt transfer rate comparable to lab-scale systems. This provides a foundation for future assessments of energy demand and economics.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Mona Gulied, Sifani Zavahir, Tasneem Elmakki, Hyunwoong Park, Guillermo Hijos Gago, Ho Kyong Shon, Dong Suk Han
Summary: This study introduces a novel hybrid system that combines direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) and electrically switched ion exchange (ESIX) to facilitate seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) brine enrichment and selective lithium recovery.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Zhiqiang Zhang, Ruifeng Deng, Jiao Zhang, Lu She, Guangfeng Wei, Renyong Jia, Pengyu Xiang, Siqing Xia
Summary: A transmembrane electro-chemisorption system with authigenic acid and base was developed for enhancing ammonia recovery from strong ammonia wastewater. The system efficiently transformed ammonium into free ammonia, which was then adsorbed and recovered through transmembrane chemisorption. This system yielded pure (NH4)2SO4 product and produced valuable byproducts of pure hydrogen and oxygen. Higher applied voltage resulted in better ammonia recovery.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Alena Popova, Sandrine Boivin, Takuji Shintani, Takahiro Fujioka
Summary: This study aimed to produce a high-integrity RO membrane by forming a polyamide skin layer on a TE support layer, in order to enhance the integrity of the membrane and improve the microbiological safety of potable water reuse.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Sanjana Yagnambhatt, Saber Khanmohammadi, Jonathan Maisonneuve
Summary: This study investigates the concept of using heat to enhance reverse osmosis (RO) desalination. The effect of temperature on water permeate flux, specific energy, permeate quality, and applied operating pressures is evaluated using an analytical model. The results suggest that under specific conditions, the tradeoff between savings in mechanical pump work and thermal energy input in thermally-enhanced RO can be favorable, leading to overall energy savings.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Jiangju Si, Chenrui Xue, Shun Li, Linchao Yang, Weiwei Li, Jie Yang, Jihong Lan, Ningbo Sun
Summary: To meet the huge demand for lithium resources, there is an urgent need to develop a new efficient technology for lithium recovery from salt-lake brines. In this study, a selective membrane capacitive deionization system is reported, which achieves high lithium recovery capacity and rate through the use of materials with efficient intercalated pseudo-capacitance and a high specific area porous carbon. The use of a modified thin-coated membrane allows for selective Li+ recovery, and adjusting the concentrations of Li+ and Mg2+ in the feed solution enables higher Li+/Mg2+ selectivity.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Mohamed R. Salem, R. Y. Sakr, Ghazy M. R. Assassa, Omar A. Aly
Summary: This research proposes a new method of using wasted thermal energies as an additional heating source for solar still distillation units (SSDUs) to increase productivity and reduce pollution and global warming. By testing two SSDUs, the study shows that heating airflow can raise temperatures, enhance freshwater production, and improve system thermal efficiency.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Qimeng Sun, Miao Sun, Linyan Yang, Yuan Gao, Xinghai Zhou, Lihua Lyu, Chunyan Wei
Summary: This study presents an innovative design and fabrication of a fabric-based conical roll (FCR) evaporator, which enables low-temperature evaporation and achieves high evaporation efficiency with excellent thermal management ability. The evaporator has demonstrated advanced light-harvesting capability and can produce freshwater that meets drinking water standards, showing great potential for applications in desalination and sewage treatment.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Yidong Zhang, Wangfang Deng, Meiyan Wu, Chao Liu, Guang Yu, Qiu Cui, Pedram Fatehi, Chunlin Xu, Bin Li
Summary: In this study, a novel polydopamine-functionalized lignin-containing pulp foam evaporator with high-efficiency desalination and multi-contaminant adsorption capabilities was designed. The foam evaporator showed excellent light absorption, water absorption, thermal conductivity, and chelation abilities, allowing for solar evaporation and contaminant adsorption synergistically. It also exhibited potential applications in metal ion concentration and contaminated seawater treatments, and demonstrated superior biodegradability compared to poly-styrene foam. This foam material holds promise for developing multifunctional photo-thermal systems for solar-driven water purification.
