Genetic determination and function of RR proteins, regulators of photoperiodic reactions, and circadian rhythms in plants

This review is devoted to an analysis of contemporary literature on the genetic determination and domain organization of recently postulated two-component signal systems available in procaryotes and eucaryotes. Shown is the involvement of these structures in the regulation of numerous morphophysiological processes in plants. The key elements of these signal systems are RR proteins that trigger a cascade of phosphotranspherase reactions, which are directly or by participation of mediators involved in the regulation of the transcription and activity of other proteins, including ferments, in response to the influence of hormones and external environmental factors. From this perspective, we present the current understanding of the molecular and genetic mechanisms of photoperiodic reactions, circadian rhythms, and antistress reactions in plants. The connection between the expression of the genes of photoreceptors and the sensitivity of plants to photoperiod was studied. Presented are own data obtained on isogenic lines of wheat and on the dependence of the expression of structural ferment genes on allelic composition of some RRR locus and the duration of low-temperature exposure.