Article
Materials Science, Composites
Milad Saeedifar, Hamed Saghafi, Reza Mohammadi, Dimitrios Zarouchas
Summary: The study evaluated the toughening capability of electrospun PA66 nanofibers for carbon/epoxy composite laminates under mode II loading conditions at elevated temperatures. The results showed that the toughness of the nanomodified specimens decreased at higher temperatures due to decreased crack propagation through the nano-layer, a shift from cohesive to adhesive failure as the dominant damage mechanism, and severe plastic deformation of nanofibers at high temperatures.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Yuki Fujita, Satoshi Noda, Junichi Takahashi, Emile S. Greenhalgh, Soraia Pimenta
Summary: This paper investigates the fracture behavior of injection-moulded short-fibre composites and finds that the fracture toughness of the material increases with increasing fibre orientation, moisture content, and temperature. The increase in toughness is related to changes in failure and toughening mechanisms.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
T. Khan, M. S. Irfan, W. J. Cantwell, R. Umer
Summary: Pre-cracked carbon fiber reinforced composite laminates were manufactured and repaired using the vacuum assisted resin transfer molding process. The effects of healing parameters on fracture toughness were investigated using a factorial design of experiments. The results showed that joining temperature had the most significant influence on fracture toughness, followed by contact time. Optimizing the processing parameters can enhance fracture toughness.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2022)
Article
Mechanics
Sota Oshima, Ryo Higuchi, Satoshi Kobayashi
Summary: The impact of microdefects on cracking behavior in cross-ply carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates was investigated. A single artificial defect with a diameter ranging from 2.5 to 50 μm was introduced into the 90 degrees layer. The strain at transverse cracking decreased as the defect diameter increased. There was a minimum defect size required for transverse cracking in cross-ply CFRP laminates. Fiber/matrix debonding occurred around the defect before transverse cracking initiated. The micromechanisms of defect-induced transverse cracking are discussed based on experimental results and fracture-mechanics-based prediction.
ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Yunfu Ou, Longqiang Wu, Meir Hefetz, Carlos Gonzalez, Juan Jose Vilatela
Summary: This study presents a method for fabricating carbon nanotube fibre veils on woven carbon fibre/epoxy composite laminates and investigates the effects of interleaf thickness and degree of infiltration on interlaminar properties. The interlaminar fracture toughness under different loading conditions is analyzed, and the failure and toughening mechanisms are systematically studied. The experimental results show that the toughening effects of CNT veils depend on their thickness and degree of resin infiltration, observed by electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The mode I interlaminar fracture toughness increases with increasing CNT veil thickness up to 10 μm, but decreases at 15 μm, while the mode II fracture toughness improves with increasing thickness of CNT veils. The figure of merit for interlaminar reinforcement is significantly high at 58.5, surpassing the current state-of-the-art.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Sheng Wang, Mehmet Cagatay Akbolat, Oguzcan Inal, Kali Babu Katnam, Zhenmin Zou, Prasad Potluri, James Taylor
Summary: This study investigates the effect of short micro-fibre-based veils on the fracture energies and R-curves of composite laminates, with a focus on the role of veil binders. The results show that the binders used in the manufacturing of veils have a considerable impact on fracture energy, crack path, and R-curve behavior, with a more pronounced effect in the laminates with carbon veils.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2022)
Article
Mechanics
C. Kostagiannakopoulou, T. H. Loutas, G. Sotiriadis, V Kostopoulos
Summary: This research paper investigates the impact of aspect ratio and specific surface area of Graphene Nano-Platelets on the interlaminar fracture behavior of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites. The study found that GNPs with higher aspect ratios and specific surface areas lead to improved interlaminar fracture toughness under both Mode I and Mode II loading compared to unmodified composites.
ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Mohanad Idrees, Giuseppe R. Palmese, Nicolas J. Alvarez
Summary: Interleaving is an effective method to improve delamination resistance in composites. However, there is a lack of design rules for the choice of resin in interleaving. While previous studies suggest that any resin can be used, our research shows that the choice of resin is critical for translating toughness properties.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Natassia Lona Batista, Konstantinos Anagnostopoulos, Edson Cocchieri Botelho, Hyonny Kim
Summary: This study evaluated the influence of different degrees of crystallinity on PPS/carbon fiber composites processed by hot compression molding, showing that composite samples processed with lower cooling rates exhibit better mechanical properties. The mode-II fracture toughness is strongly dependent on the degree of crystallinity of the thermoplastic matrix, with lower cooling rates yielding stronger interfacial bonds.
ENGINEERING FAILURE ANALYSIS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Yu Gong, Kaixin Xia, Yana Wang, Libin Zhao, Jianyu Zhang, Ning Hu
Summary: This study establishes a semi-analytical model for determining the mode II fracture toughness of multidirectional laminates. The effects of interfacial angles on fracture toughness are investigated and the model has a clear correlation with the interfacial angles, showing good agreement with test results.
THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Johann Koerbelin, Benedikt Koetter, Hauke Voormann, Lukas Brandenburg, Stefan Selz, Bodo Fiedler
Summary: The study found that FLG modification significantly improved the performance of CFRP, increase the inter-laminar energy release rates, reduce notch sensitivity, and enhance compressive strength. Additionally, FLG modification also increased the usable design space.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Amit Ramji, Yigeng Xu, Marzio Grasso, Mehdi Yasaee, Philip Webb
Summary: The experimental study found that the delamination resistance of 5-harness satin woven laminates is influenced by both interfacial fiber orientation and veil density, with the 90/45 fiber orientation bias exhibiting the greatest resistance, while increasing veil density has limited additional benefits on resistance enhancement.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Aerospace
Fan Zhang, Xin Liu, Yaoyao Ye, Qisen Chen, Qiang Xu, Yunbo Bi
Summary: Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) technology is efficient and accurate, making it suitable for manufacturing composite structures with complex geometry. However, the imperfections caused by this automated method pose challenges to the stability of the composite's mechanical properties. This study experimentally investigates the influence of AFP-induced gaps and overlaps on interlaminar fracture in oven-cured laminates. The findings show that the fracture toughness of the laminates is slightly reduced in the presence of gaps, but significantly increased in the presence of overlaps. Fractographic studies reveal that the increased fracture area and crack length improve the fracture toughness in the overlap group, while the resin-rich area induced by gaps negatively affects delamination resistance.
CHINESE JOURNAL OF AERONAUTICS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Xiaodong Xu, Shin-ichi Takeda, Michael R. Wisnom
Summary: Research on the trans-laminar fracture toughness of laminated composites is important, and understanding the fracture process zone at the crack tip is crucial. However, there has been limited research on the early development of the fracture process zone in quasi-isotropic laminates. This study utilized in situ X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) analysis to continuously examine and better understand the entire fracture process zone development during loading. Ex situ CT scanning of a wet conditioned specimen was also used for comparison to explain the significance of 0 degrees splitting in trans-laminar fracture.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Heshan Bai, Ruixiang Bai, Tianyu Zhao, Zhenkun Lei, Qian Li, Cheng Yan, Xiang Hong, Chen Liu
Summary: Vitrimer composites with bond-exchange reactions exhibit advantages in repair and recyclability. This study investigates the interfacial fracture properties of vitrimer carbon fiber composites with different epoxy/anhydride ratios. Experimental and numerical methods are used to analyze the composites' fracture behavior and develop a numerical simulation method to evaluate the interlaminar properties of composites.
MATERIALS & DESIGN
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Bircan Haspulat Taymaz, Volkan Eskizeybek, Handan Kamis
Summary: The study developed a nanocomposite material capable of degrading textile dyes without the need for a post-separation process. The material was synthesized on a stainless steel substrate with efficient absorption properties. Under UV and visible light, the nanocomposite film could rapidly degrade dyes.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Textiles
Ozgur Demircan, Kemal Kadioglu, Pinar colak, Erdinc Gunaydin, Mustafa Dogu, Neslihan Topalomer, Volkan Eskizeybek
FIBERS AND POLYMERS
(2020)
Article
Mechanics
Halil Burak Kaybal, Hasan Ulus, Volkan Eskizeybek, Ahmet Avci
Summary: This paper investigates the low-velocity impact response of bolted fiber-reinforced polymer joints in two scenarios, and evaluates the impact of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) reinforcement of the epoxy matrix. The effects of seawater aging on the impact performance of the joints are also studied, with results showing a decrease in impact resistance after aging, but an improvement when using HNTs reinforced joints. The ToB impact scenario is considered more detrimental than the SoW tests, and a novel damage mechanism is introduced to address the impact of seawater aging.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2021)
Article
Mechanics
Halil Burak Kaybal, Hasan Ulus, Volkan Eskizeybek, Ahmet Avcl
Summary: The goal of this study is to investigate the dynamic loading response of bolted basalt-epoxy composite laminates under different impact energies, and evaluate the effects of HNTs reinforcement on the impact response and damage propagation. The results show that ToB damage is relatively severe, HNTs can improve impact resistance by about 15%, especially at lower impact energies.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Hasan Ulus, Halil Burak Kaybal, Volkan Eskizeybek, Ahmet Avci
Summary: Recent studies have shown that introducing halloysite nanotubes into the polymer matrix offers an efficient barrier effect and improved fiber-matrix interface in seawater environment, crucial for enhancing the mechanical performance of composites. Experimental results indicated that HNTs reinforced multi-scale composites exhibited higher shear strength and mode II delamination toughness after aging in sea-water, showing potential for future engineering applications.
ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL-JESTECH
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Textiles
Okan Demir, Ahmet Caner Tatar, Volkan Eskizeybek, Ahmet Avci
Summary: The study proposed a novel hybrid composite design that successfully reduced the investment cost of offshore wind turbine blades while maintaining bending and impact resistance. Experimental results show that the introduction of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) can significantly improve the bending and impact strength of the material.
FIBERS AND POLYMERS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Erdi Akman, Savas Sonmezoglu, Enes Yigit, Volkan Eskizeybek, Ahmet Avci
Summary: The study aimed to improve physical properties of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) by introducing silver (Ag) and cobalt (Co) nanoparticles (NPs) into the polymer matrix. The interaction of NPs with PVB resulted in enhanced thermal, mechanical, and microwave absorption characteristics. The positive synergetic effect of modifying the PVB matrix with Ag and Co NPs was observed, leading to improved characteristics and expanded application areas for the hybrid nanocomposite material.
JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Ferhat Yildirim, Ahmet Caner Tatar, Volkan Eskizeybek, Ahmet Avci, Mustafa Aydin
Summary: This study experimentally examined the low-velocity impact performance of 3D woven spacer glass-epoxy composite under cryogenic temperatures, revealing that the composite gradually absorbed higher impact energies at lower temperatures. Nanofiller modification was found to enhance impact resistance, but its efficiency decreased with decreasing temperature.
JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Muhammed H. Arikan, Fatih Eroglu, Volkan Eskizeybek, Emine Feyza Sukur, Mehmet Yildiz, Hatice S. Sas
Summary: The study introduces a systematic characterization approach of Vacuum Bag Only prepreg, covering material properties and process mechanisms, to provide material data for process modeling. The method includes researching resin system, fiber architecture, and thermal behavior for robust and integrated process design.
Article
Mechanics
Hasan Ulus, Halil Burak Kaybal, Fatih Cacik, Volkan Eskizeybek, Ahmet Avci
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the effect of seawater aging on the hybrid FRP-aluminium adhesive joints, by reinforcing the adhesive and adding hard nanotubes to improve fracture toughness and delay water absorption. The results showed that after long-term seawater aging, the reinforced adhesive joints exhibited 36% higher fracture toughness and 11.5 degrees C higher Tg.
ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Emine Feyza Sukur, Sinem Elmas, Mahsa Seyyednourani, Volkan Eskizeybek, Mehmet Yildiz, Hatice S. Sas
Summary: This study investigates the deterioration mechanism of CF/PEKK composites aged in hot water through comprehensive material characterization strategies and validates the weakening of fiber-matrix interface using acoustic emission analysis.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Ferhat Yildirim, Elif Kabakci, Hatice S. Sas, Volkan Eskizeybek
Summary: This study reports the preparation of multi-scale composite materials by grafting MWCNTs onto 3D spacer composites and testing their electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency, showing good performance of the 3D spacer composites with unique structures. The conductivity in different directions also varies, showing the advantages of multi-scale composite materials.
POLYMER COMPOSITES
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Hasan Ulus, Halil Burak Kaybal, Fatih Cacik, Volkan Eskizeybek, Ahmet Avci
Summary: Composite-aluminum hybrid adhesive joints are an ideal solution for lightweight structures in the marine industry. However, seawater aging poses a serious concern. This study reports the mechanical performance of hybrid joints under long-term stress aging and shows that modifying the epoxy adhesive with HNTs improves its performance and limits degradation due to aging.
POLYMER COMPOSITES
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Emine Feyza Sukur, Sinem Elmas, Mahsa Seyyednourani, Volkan Eskizeybek, Mehmet Yildiz, Hatice S. Sas
Summary: Defects in fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) significantly impact their mechanical and aging performance. This study reveals that meso-scale defects deteriorate the mechanical/thermomechanical performance of FRPs, while micro-cracks primarily affect the aging time.
POLYMER COMPOSITES
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Emine Feyza Sukur, Sinem Elmas, Volkan Eskizeybek, Hatice S. Sas, Mehmet Yildiz
Summary: In this study, the effects of AFP process parameters and process-induced defects on the mechanical performance of CF/PEKK composites under a hot-wet aging environment were investigated. It was found that the aging process resulted in a mass gain of 0.2 wt% and an increase in the degree of crystallization by almost 14%, while the thermo-mechanical performance decreased by approximately 25%. The impact of gap and overlap defects on the service life of AFP composites can be minimized by using higher compaction forces (600 N) and lower lay-up speeds (0.1 m/s).
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Wenwu Zhang, Helezi Zhou, Bin Huang, Huamin Zhou, Xiongqi Peng
Summary: This paper investigates the tool-ply friction behavior of jute/PLA biocomposites in thermoforming. A pull-through friction testing device was developed to characterize the tool-ply friction behavior of jute/PLA prepreg at elevated temperature. The effects of alkali treatment, fiber orientation, normal force, and slipping velocity were studied, and a quantitative definition of tool-ply friction behavior was achieved. The results indicate a strong relationship between tool-ply friction behavior and woven and fiber structures, indicating hydrodynamic lubrication.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Stephen Clay, Wesley Ault, Alex Faupel, Caglar Oskay, Philip Knoth, Noam N. Y. Shemesh, Rami Haj-Ali, Uri Breiman, Ido Meshi, Ofir Shor
Summary: This paper presents an experimental investigation on the compression failure mechanisms of laminated carbon fiber reinforced composites under non-standard quasi-static loading. The results demonstrate the presence of interior kink bands, surface ply splitting, and delaminations, with each failure mechanism associated with different stress levels.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Bowen Zeng, Jinlong Yang, Zhi Ni, Yucheng Fan, Ziyan Hang, Chuang Feng
Summary: This study successfully improved the pyroelectric properties of PVDF films by preparing functionally graded graphene nanoplatelet (FG-GNP) reinforced PVDF composite films. The increase in the number of layers and the concentration of GNP near the surface of the composite film were found to enhance the pyroelectric properties and temperature stability.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Shenghe Zhang, Fukai Chu, Weizhao Hu, Bibo Wang, Richard K. K. Yuen, Yuan Hu
Summary: This study improves the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of PBAT by synthesizing a phosphorus-containing intercalator and mixing it into the PBAT matrix.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Tharan Gordon, Michael R. Wisnom, Byung Chul Kim
Summary: Thickness tapering is a common strategy for efficient and lightweight composite structures, but it can introduce delamination sites. This study investigated the use of ply scarfing method to improve the compressive failure stress of tapered laminates made from thick unidirectional non-crimp fabrics. The results showed that ply scarfing suppressed delamination and increased the failure stress by 60%.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Xin Wang, Yiting Qu, Junlei Bai, Fujun Xu, Bin Ding, Xiaohua Zhang
Summary: A solution-based strategy is proposed to achieve a strong bond between fibers and matrix in powder materials, resulting in improved mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, and fracture strain of the composites. The method also offers advantages such as enhanced powder flowability and thermal stability.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Xing Zhou, Guosheng Wang, Dexiang Li, Qi Wang, Keming Zhu, Yaya Hao, Yueyang Xu, Neng Li
Summary: This study successfully synthesized polyurethane elastomer by using degraded products from waste PET, and fabricated composites with carbon nanotubes for strain sensors. The composites showed good mechanical and durability performance, indicating a potential method for recycling waste PET into valuable and functional materials.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Fei Peng, Tingting Shan, Rongrui Chen, Jiulong Shi, Di Liu, Guoqiang Zheng, Chaojun Gao, Kun Dai, Chuntai Liu, Changyu Shen
Summary: Janus polymer films with distinct surface performance and potential applications were successfully prepared by vacuum-assisted hot-compressing method and spray coating. These films exhibit decent actuation performance and rapid selfpowered sensing property, and can be used for real-time acetone monitoring system.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Biao Cheng, Huafeng Quan, Yuefeng Zhang, Dong Huang, Tongqi Li, Chong Ye, Xingming Zhou, Zhen Fan, Yafang Zhang, Ting Ouyang, Fei Han, Hongbo Liu, Jinshui Liu
Summary: In this study, a binary graphite network was constructed to improve the thermal conductivity and control the formation of micrometer-scale open pores in phase change composites. The developed composites showed a high thermal conductivity and phase change enthalpy, making them promising for thermal control in space optical-mechanical systems and other critical aerospace components.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Shihao Zuo, Fei Cheng, Guangming Yang, Jiangzhou Li, Yongjun Deng, Guangjun Gou, Xuejun Cui, Yunsen Hu, Xiaozhi Hu
Summary: Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) treatment was used to modify aluminum (Al) alloys in order to improve bond strength with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). The treatment successfully created a porous surface with better hardness, roughness, and wetting, and introduced resin pre-coating (RPC) and carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber bridging to improve the bonding interface. The combined treatments significantly increased the bond strength by up to 156.1%, indicating the feasibility of MAO as an alternative method for manufacturing high-performance Al-CFRP composites in industrial production.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
James Kratz, Christophe Paris, Karolina Gaska, Vincent Maes, Ivana Partridge, Philippe Olivier
Summary: Faster heating rates and higher process temperatures can reduce the total process time while achieving the same degree-of-cure. Thermal analysis shows that thermoplastic interleaf particles melt at the recommended curing temperature. A short dwell at a lower temperature can prevent the mixing of thermoplastic particles and thermoset pre-polymer.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Thomas Maierhofer, Evripides G. Loukaides, Craig Carr, Chiara Bisagni, Richard Butler
Summary: Joining thermoset composites via resistance welding provides an efficient method for aerospace structures with benefits such as high-volume manufacturing and simplified surface preparation. The influence of welding parameters on joint performance is assessed using Mode I fracture toughness testing. A Bayesian approach is employed to select high-performance parameters.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Jiangan You, Ling Cai, Ronghua Yu, Haiping Xing, Jian Xue, Ying Li, Zhiwei Jiang, Dongmei Cui, Tao Tang
Summary: In response to the global environmental pollution crisis caused by waste plastics, recyclable design is an effective solution. A CPVC/PUA nanocomposite foam was developed using the plasticizing-foaming-reinforcing strategy, combined with catalytic carbonization. The foam exhibited high expansion ratio, robustness, solvent resistance, flame-triggered shape memory effect, and ablation resistance. The foam could be directly upcycled into functional carbon foam with attractive electromagnetic interference shielding performance.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Siyao Chen, Zhiyu Chen, Yangling Ou, Junwei Lyu, Junning Li, Xiangyang Liu, Yang Liu
Summary: In this study, we demonstrated the significant effect of composite interface on temperature increase in electrical heaters. By selectively fluorinating the outer walls of carbon nanotubes and compositing them with cellulose nanofibers, improved interfacial phonon diffusion was achieved, leading to a higher temperature increase rate.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Yanjun He, Agnieszka Suliga, Alex Brinkmeyer, Mark Schenk, Ian Hamerton
Summary: A new thermoset resin system based on a polybenzoxazine blend showed good performance under high ATOX irradiation. It reduced erosion yield by forming a silicon-rich surface layer and improved the mechanical properties of CFRP laminates.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2024)
