Article
Materials Science, Composites
Ying Xue, Haibin Zhao, Yaxin Zhang, Zhiyong Gao, Dongjie Zhai, Qing Li, Guoqun Zhao
Summary: This study evaluated and optimized the crashworthiness and crash safety performance of automobile bumper beams made of long glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites, showing that this material has good energy absorption and collision safety performance.
POLYMER COMPOSITES
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Huiyuan Shi, Xuan Wei, Hai Fang, Chen Yang, Baijian Tang
Summary: This paper proposes a new sandwich structure using multi-axial glass fiber reinforced polymer as face sheets and webs, and pultruded profile as the core material, which can be used in various engineering fields. The study shows that increasing the thickness of the face sheets significantly improves the shear capacity, and appropriate formulas for calculating stiffness, deflection, and ultimate bearing capacity have been derived.
CASE STUDIES IN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
H. T. Xue, H. L. Tan, T. Chen, Z. C. He, E. Li, Q. Q. Li, B. Xu
Summary: This paper introduces hierarchy design into sandwich beams and bumper systems to enhance their mechanical performance. The study proposes two reentrant hierarchical sandwich beams and investigates their energy absorption characteristics. The hierarchical honeycombs with equilateral triangle substructures (RHT) core are introduced to the design of the bumper system. The hierarchical bumper system demonstrates better mechanical properties than traditional bumpers and aluminum foam-filled bumpers under various loading conditions. The optimization model of the hierarchical bumper system is established using OLHD and RSM, and NSGA-II is adopted for efficient parameter optimization.
MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Weigang An, Xu Han, Andres Tovar, Shigen Wang
Summary: This work presents an optimization procedure to enhance the crashworthiness of full-size vehicle structures by targeting the acceleration-time response during a crash event, utilizing topometry optimization and a moving coordinate system. The proposed method improves crashworthiness indicators such as specific energy absorption and maximum deceleration by setting a target ATR curve. The iterative algorithm effectively finds element thickness distribution to gradually approach the target curve for the vehicle's center of gravity in less than 15 crash simulations.
STRUCTURAL AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY OPTIMIZATION
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Teghreed H. Ibrahim, Abbas A. Allawi, Ayman El-Zohairy
Summary: This study experimentally and numerically investigated the impact behavior of composite reinforced concrete beams with pultruded I-GFRP and I-steel beams. The results showed that the steel beams exhibited higher stiffness compared to the GFRP beams, and the improvement of concrete compressive strength was more effective in enhancing the impact behavior of the composite specimens with GFRP beams.
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Zhixiang Li, Wen Ma, Shuguang Yao, Ping Xu
Summary: The proposed design combining multicorrugation and multicell configurations significantly improves the crashworthiness of thin-walled tubes, with the circular CRMT with a 3-order cell number (C-C-3) identified as the best performer. Multiobjective optimization further enhanced its energy absorption capabilities.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Yasin Onuralp Ozkilic, Lokman Gemi, Emrah Madenci, Ceyhun Aksoylu
Summary: This study investigates the behavior of pultruded glass fiber-reinforced polymer (pultruded GFRP) composite in reinforced concrete beams and explores the effects of stirrup spacing. The findings indicate that tightening stirrups increases load and energy dissipation capacities, but does not prevent brittle failure. Wrapping the beams with GFRP composite enhances load and energy dissipation capacities and prevents brittle failure, regardless of the presence of stirrups.
ARCHIVES OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Review
Polymer Science
Hossein Mohammadi, Zaini Ahmad, Saiful Amri Mazlan, Mohd Aidy Faizal Johari, Geralt Siebert, Michal Petru, Seyed Saeid Rahimian Koloor
Summary: The production of lightweight vehicles is driven by the global challenges of fuel economy enhancement and greenhouse gas emissions reduction. Lightweight materials, such as fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) composites, are being developed to replace conventional materials like steel and cast iron to achieve fuel efficiency and CO2 emission reduction. However, the damage of FRP composites under impact loading is a critical factor that affects their structural application. This paper focuses on the use of high-strength glass fibers as the reinforcing member to develop a car bumper beam, discussing its mechanical performance and manufacturing techniques. Based on literature studies, glass fiber-reinforced composite (GRP) shows more promise in the automotive industry compared to conventional car bumper beams.
Article
Engineering, Civil
Hanfeng Yin, Delin Guo, Guilin Wen, Zhantao Wu
Summary: The bending crashworthiness of smooth-shell lattice-filled structures is investigated using experiment, numerical simulation and empirical formula in this study. The results show that smooth-shell lattice-filled tubes have better crashworthiness compared to traditional foam-filled tubes. Smooth-shell lattice-filled tubes can be used as excellent energy absorption structures in impact engineering.
THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Characterization & Testing
Ismail Ozturk, Burak Sercan Kaya
Summary: This study conducted impact analyses and comparisons of bumper beam-crash box systems designed from different materials, and found that the optimal design improved the crash performance of vehicles.
Article
Mechanics
Emanoil Linul, Omid Khezrzadeh
Summary: Metal foams have unique properties that allow them to be used under extreme temperature conditions. Research has shown that the mechanical characteristics of foam-based composites are highest at cryogenic temperatures due to hardening, but decrease at high temperatures due to softening of the matrix material. Additionally, there is a transition from brittle to ductile deformation between extreme temperatures.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Hui Wang, Dingwen Tan, Zhipeng Liu, Hanfeng Yin, Guilin Wen
Summary: This study proposed three novel composite TPMS-based porous structures and found that some of them have better energy absorption capacity and efficiency than traditional foam structures. The thickness ratio of the inner and outer surfaces significantly affects the deformation modes and energy absorption capability of the structures.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Djoko Setyanto, Yohanes Adeatma Antonio, Marten Darmawan, Ubaidillah Ubaidillah
Summary: This study aimed to design a new purlin made from glass-fibre-reinforced polymer composite material to increase building efficiency in a fertiliser warehouse. The analysis showed that the purlin structure met the technical criteria, such as corrosion resistance, compact stacking, and ability to withstand technical loads.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Maikson L. P. Tonatto, Jose Ricardo Tarpani, Sandro C. Amico
Summary: Fatigue strength of curved pultruded composites is lower than conventional thin flat unidirectional laminates, but sometimes the residual strength of pre-fatigued specimens exceeds the pristine material performance due to fatigue-induced strengthening phenomenon. Residual manufacturing-induced stress relief and stress redistribution play key roles in mitigating damage growth under quasi-static loading. Stress redistribution and stress relief govern the strengthening process under high-cycle and low-cycle fatigue regime, respectively.
MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Mechanics
Philip R. Barnett, Lorenzo Vigna, Jose L. Martinez-Collado, Andrea Calzolari, Dayakar Penumadu
Summary: This study investigated the performance of recycled carbon fiber composites in terms of energy absorption, crush efficiency, and crush stress at different temperatures. The results showed that recycled fiber composites can achieve high energy absorption levels, making them a promising alternative to expensive and environmentally unfriendly continuous fiber laminates.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Pier Giuseppe Anselma, Giovanni Belingardi
Summary: This study proposes a multi-objective optimal computer-aided engineering (CAE) methodology for designing hydraulic brake systems in electric vehicles. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm efficiently explores the design space. The front-wheel drive (FWD) powertrain layout appears to be more favorable in terms of electrical energy recovery during braking compared to the rear-wheel drive (RWD) option.
VEHICLE SYSTEM DYNAMICS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Mulugeta H. Woldemariam, Giovanni Belingardi, Alem T. Beyene, Daniel T. Reda, Ermias G. Koricho
Summary: Fiber reinforced plastic materials can be customized according to the application, and the inclusion of nanoclay was found to significantly improve the interlaminar fracture toughness of the composite material. The research provides insight into the contribution of Cloisite filler in enhancing delamination resistance and can guide the design of structures made from composite materials.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART C-JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Pier Giuseppe Anselma, Giovanni Belingardi
Summary: This paper presents a methodology for sizing the fuel cell electrified propulsion system for heavy-duty trucks to minimize the total cost of ownership. Comparisons with battery electric powertrain option show that the latter is more appealing in the present cost scenario. However, the proposed methodology demonstrates the economic viability of fuel cell electrified trucks in the future cost scenario.
Article
Mechanics
Alberto Ciampaglia, Raffaele Ciardiello, Federico Cesano, Giovanni Belingardi, Valentina Brunella
Summary: This study investigates the effect of carbon black dispersion on the mechanical and electrical properties of polyamide 6 and 6.6 matrices. By increasing the carbon black concentration, the elastic modulus increases by 12%. Results show that carbon black can functionalize thermoplastic polymers by activating conductive networks, with a percolation threshold of 13% wt. The sensitivity of conductivity to mechanical strain is analyzed in both direct and alternate current, and a novel model for estimating the material's gauge factor variation with applied electric frequency is proposed.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Alberto Ponso, Angelo Bonfitto, Giovanni Belingardi
Summary: The increasing popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) can be attributed to the growing environmental awareness and government incentives. However, the limited range and extended charging time of EVs, along with the scarcity of charging stations, pose challenges to widespread adoption. To address this, EV manufacturers are developing route planners that consider range and charging station availability. This article introduces an innovative route planning method that takes into account battery health, temperature, and driving style, and selects charging stations along the planned route that can be reached with the available battery energy. Simulations were conducted to verify its effectiveness, considering factors such as declared range, battery health, external temperature, and driving style, and highlighting the risk of running out of battery before reaching the destination.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Edoardo Lelli, Alessia Musa, Emilio Batista, Daniela Anna Misul, Giovanni Belingardi
Summary: The present study investigates the use of machine learning algorithms to estimate the state of health (SOH) of high-voltage batteries in electric vehicles. The analysis is based on open-circuit voltage (OCV) measurements from 12 vehicles with different mileage conditions and focuses on establishing a correlation between the OCV values, the energy stored in the battery, and the battery SOH. Among the evaluated algorithms, random forest (RF) exhibits the best performance in predicting the state of health of high-voltage batteries. The findings of the study will contribute to the development of efficient maintenance strategies, thus reducing the risk of unexpected battery failures.
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Giovanni Belingardi, Alessandro Scattina
Summary: This paper focuses on the necessary architectural modifications to the car body in order to accommodate the battery pack for electric vehicles. The positioning of the battery pack is crucial due to its size, weight, and cost. Various solutions and sketches are presented, with a preference for locating the battery housing below the passenger compartment floor for safety, maintenance, and performance reasons. The integration of the battery pack's housing structure with the vehicle floor creates a sandwich structure that can improve the body's stiffness and impact protection.
Article
Mechanics
Valentina Giammaria, Giulia Del Bianco, Elena Raponi, Dario Fiumarella, Raffaele Ciardiello, Simonetta Boria, Fabian Duddeck, Giovanni Belingardi
Summary: In this study, finite element analysis was used to optimize and predict the behavior of flax/epoxy composite laminates under low-velocity impact. The optimization process aimed to find an optimal parameter configuration that is less sensitive to variations in impact energy, using surrogate modeling techniques. The results demonstrated the potential of surrogate-based optimization in identifying material parameters and provided a characterization of the studied composite configuration for future applications.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Raffaele Ciardiello, Dario Fiumarella, Giovanni Belingardi
Summary: The mechanical properties of glass-fibre-reinforced composite (GFRP) plates made of twill fabric and a thermoplastic recyclable infusion resin were evaluated through mechanical testing. The results showed that the considered thermoplastic resin, ELIUM®, can be infused using properly tuned vacuum techniques. X-ray microtomography analysis revealed that the produced laminates were defect-free, different from what was reported in the literature. The mechanical properties of the GFRP laminates were enhanced with higher vacuum pressures and were not influenced by degassing the resin before infusion.
Proceedings Paper
Engineering, Industrial
Pier Giuseppe Anselma, Waiyuntian Lou, Ali Emadi, Giovanni Belingardi
Summary: This paper proposes an approach to solve the overtaking planning problem by developing an energy-saving ACC algorithm, achieving significant improvements in terms of passenger comfort in different overtaking scenarios.
2022 IEEE 31ST INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS (ISIE)
(2022)
Review
Engineering, Mechanical
Filippo Germanetti, Dario Fiumarella, Giovanni Belingardi, Alessandro Scattina
Summary: This paper provides an overview of the most commonly used injury criteria and metrics in the study of vehicle passive safety, focusing on those applicable to finite element simulations and Human Body Models. It helps in choosing the appropriate injury criteria for assessing vehicle passive safety.
Proceedings Paper
Engineering, Aerospace
Alessia Musa, Pier Giuseppe Anselma, Matteo Spano, Daniela Anna Misul, Giovanni Belingardi
Summary: This study proposes a deep learning-based approach combined with vehicle communication technology for real-time cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) and trains a gated recurrent unit (GRU) for control. Experimental results demonstrate that the trained GRU can achieve ecofriendly driving in CACC without compromising passenger comfort and safety requirements.
2022 IEEE/AIAA TRANSPORTATION ELECTRIFICATION CONFERENCE AND ELECTRIC AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGIES SYMPOSIUM (ITEC+EATS 2022)
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Giulio Piazza, Matthew Burczyk, Marco Gerini-Romagnoli, Giovanni Belingardi, Sayed A. Nassar
Summary: This paper experimentally investigates the influence of Thermally Expandable Particle (TEP) adhesive additive on the mechanical and reversibility performance of epoxy-bonded load single lap joints (SLJs). The study finds that TEP can reduce adhesive strength and lead to joint debonding, while also displaying reversible performance under certain conditions.
JOURNAL OF ADVANCED JOINING PROCESSES
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Lorenzo Vigna, Andrea Calzolari, Giuseppe Galizia, Giovanni Belingardi, Davide Salvatore Paolino
Summary: The diffusion of fiber reinforced plastics in crashworthiness applications is increasing due to their excellent balance between high mechanical performances and low weight. This study investigated the effects of impact velocity and fixture friction on the Specific Energy Absorption (SEA) of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy plates, using a new fixture and drop tower testing machine. It was found that clamping force influenced the friction level and SEA values, while impact velocity had no significant effect on the results. Applying a PTFE coating reduced the friction force and avoided overestimation of SEA.
FORCES IN MECHANICS
(2022)
Proceedings Paper
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Matteo Spano, Pier Giuseppe Anselma, Alessia Musa, Daniela Anna Misul, Giovanni Belingardi
Summary: An innovative real-time velocity planner has been developed in this study to maximize energy savings and improve passenger comfort in V2V automated driving mode for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). Simulation results show significant improvements in comfort and energy consumption when using the proposed controller.
2021 IEEE TRANSPORTATION ELECTRIFICATION CONFERENCE & EXPO (ITEC)
(2021)
Article
Mechanics
Rawan Aqel, Patrick Severson, Rani Elhajjar
Summary: A novel core splice joint configuration for composite sandwich structures is studied and proposed to improve the strength and toughness. Experimental and numerical efforts show that this configuration can significantly increase the ultimate strength by 13% to 51% and the toughness by 2% to 35%.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Xianheng Wang, Cong Chen, Jinsong Zhang, Xinming Qiu
Summary: In this paper, a new form-finding method based on spatial elastica model (FMSE) is proposed for elastic gridshells. The method integrates the deformations of elastic rods into the overall deformation of the gridshell, and solves a set of transcendental equations using the quasi-Newton method to ensure the deformation satisfies the given boundary conditions. The method is validated through experiments and expected to have potential applications in the investigations of elastic gridshells.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Hao Huang, Zitong Guo, Zhongde Shan, Zheng Sun, Jianhua Liu, Dong Wang, Wang Wang, Jiale Liu, Chenchen Tan
Summary: The conventional evaluation of 3D braided composites' mechanical properties through numerical and experimental methodologies hinders material application due to the expenses, time constraints, and laborious efforts involved. This study establishes a multi-scale finite element model and a surrogate model for predicting the elastic properties of 3D4D rotary braided composites with voids. By optimizing a neural network model, the results are validated and provide valuable insights into the microstructure and properties of these composites.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Xinyu Li, Hao Zhang, Haiyang Yang, Junrong Luo, Zhongmin Xiao, Hongshuai Lei
Summary: Due to their excellent mechanical properties and design flexibility, fluted-core composite sandwich structures have gained significant attention in aerospace and rail transit applications. This study investigated the free-vibration characteristics and optimized design of composite fluted-core sandwich cylinders through theoretical models and experimental tests.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Chao Li, Chunzheng Duan, Xiaodong Tian, Chao Wang
Summary: A mechanistic model considering the bottom edge cutting effect and the anisotropic characteristics of the material is proposed in this paper to accurately predict cutting forces. The model was validated through a series of milling experiments and can be used to predict the cutting force of various parts of the cutter and any feed direction.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Camila Sanches Schimidt, Leopoldo Pisanelli Rodrigues de Oliveira, Carlos De Marqui Jr
Summary: This work investigates the vibro-acoustic performance of graded piezoelectric metamaterial plates. The study shows that piezoelectric metamaterial plates with reconfigurable properties can provide enhanced vibration and sound power attenuation.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Jun Ke, Li-jie Liu, Zhen-yu Wu, Zhong-ping Le, Luo Bao, Dong-wei Luo
Summary: Compared with other green natural fibers, ramie has higher mechanical properties and lower cost. In this study, ramie and glass fiber are made into composite circular tubes. The results show that the hybrid circular tube with ramie and glass fiber has improved torsional mechanical properties and reduced weight and cost. The failure mechanisms are affected by the loading direction and the content of each fiber.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Natalia Pingaro, Gabriele Milani
Summary: This paper proposes an enhanced analytical model for predicting the behavior of FRCM samples tested under standard tensile tests. The model takes into account the interaction between fibers and matrix through the interface, and assumes different material properties at different phases. By solving a second order linear differential equation, an analytical solution can be obtained. The model is validated with experimental data and shows good predictability.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Jialiang Fan, Anastasios P. Vassilopoulos, Veronique Michaud
Summary: This article investigates the effects of voids, joint geometry, and test conditions on the fracture performance of thick adhesive Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) joints. It concludes that grooved DCB joints with low void content tested at low displacement rates showed stable crack propagation without significant crack path deviation.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Auwalu I. Mohammed, Kaarthikeyan Raghupathy, Osvaldo De Victoria Garcia Baltazar, Lawson Onokpasah, Roger Carvalho, Anders Mogensen, Farzaneh Hassani, James Njuguna
Summary: This study investigates the performance of composite pressure vessels under damaged and undamaged conditions, providing insights into their reliability and residual strength capabilities. The results demonstrate that the damage profile and its effect on compressive strength are similar between damaged and non-damaged cylinders. When subjected to quasi-static compression, the polyethylene liner absorbs enough elastic strain energy to recover without plastic deformation. Additionally, quasi-static compression has little to no influence on the axial strength of the cylinders. The damage characterization reveals fiber breakage, delamination, local buckling, and brooming failure. This study has direct implications for the safety design tolerances, manufacturing strategies, and operational failure conditions of composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs).
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Muhammad Irfan Shirazi, Samir Khatir, Djilali Boutchicha, Magd Abdel Wahab
Summary: Structural health monitoring is important to ensure the safety of components and structures. This study proposes a method using finite element models and 1D-CNN network to extract and classify vibration responses for crack detection. The results show that the proposed approach is effective in real-time damage detection.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Maryam Mirsalehi, Kiarash Kianpour, Sharif Shahbeyk, Mohammad Bakhshi
Summary: This study comprehensively investigates the one-way response of 3D-woven sandwich panels (3DWSPs) and their interfering parameters, providing interpretation of elastic and failure results, failure maps, and reliable theoretical models for linear elastic response and observed failure mechanisms.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Yiming Zhao, Zhonggang Wang, Zhigang Yang, Bin Qin
Summary: The paper proposes a Ritz and statistical energy analysis (Ritz SEA) hybrid method for calculating rectangular plate acoustic vibration coupling in the mid-frequency range. This method combines the fast convergence and ability to handle arbitrary boundary conditions of the Ritz method with the power flow equation of the statistical energy analysis method. The results show that this approach effectively filters out random fluctuations in mid-frequency domains while demonstrating exceptional stability and precision.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Joao Henrique Fonseca, Woojung Jang, Dosuck Han, Naksoo Kim, Hyungyil Lee
Summary: This study addresses the enhancement of an injection-molded fiber-reinforced plastic / metal hybrid automotive structure and its plastic injection molding process through the integration of the finite element method, artificial intelligence, and evolutionary search methods. Experimental validation of finite element models, the generation of a database through orthogonal array and Latin hypercube methods, and the training of artificial neural networks are conducted. The genetic optimization algorithm is then applied to identify optimal process parameters. The results show significant reduction in product warpage and manufacturing time while maintaining structural strength, contributing to the advancement of composite automotive structures with superior quality.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Alessandro Vescovini, Carina Xiaochen Li, Javier Paz Mendez, Bo Cheng Jin, Andrea Manes, Chiara Bisagni
Summary: This paper presents a study on six single-stringer specimens manufactured using the card-sliding technique with non-crimp fabrics and adopting a Double-Double (DD) stacking sequence. The specimens were tested under compression loading conditions to investigate post-buckling and failure in aerospace structures. Experimental results and numerical simulations were compared to analyze the behavior and failure modes of the specimens. The study found promising evidence of a viable solution to optimize aeronautical structures and enhance resistance to skin-stringer separation, particularly with the use of tapered flanges.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
