Measurement and modelling of the influence of grain size and pressure gradient on swash uprush sediment transport

The paper examines the dependency between total sediment transport, q, and grain size, D (i.e. q proportional to D-p) under dam break generated swash flows. Experiments were performed in a dam break flume over a sloping mobile sand bed with median grain sizes ranging from 0.22 mm to 2.65 mm. The total sediment transport was measured by truncating the flume bed and collecting the sediment transported over the edge. The experiments were designed to exclude pre-generated turbulence and pre-suspended sediment so as to focus solely on the swash flow. The magnitude and nature of the grain size dependency (i.e. p value) were inferred for different flow parameters; the initial dam depth, d(o), the integrated depth averaged velocity cubed, integral u(3)dt, and against the predicted transport potential, q(p), using the Meyer-Peter Muller (MPM) transport model and variations of that model. The data show that negative dependencies (p < 0) are obtained for d(o) and q(p), whilst positive dependencies (p > 0) are obtained for integral u(3)dt. This indicates that a given d(o) and q(p) transport less sediment as grain size increases, whereas transport increases with grain size for a given integral u(3)dt. The p value is found to be narrowly ranged, 0.5 <= p <= -0.5. On average, the incorporation of a pressure gradient term via the piezometric head into the MPM formulation reduces q(p) by 4% (fine sand) to 18% (coarse sand). The measured total transport for fine and coarse sands is best predicted using MPM and MPM + dp*/dx respectively. However, the inferred optimum transport coefficient in the MPM formulation is about 30, much higher than the standard coefficient in a steady flow and this is not due to the presence of the pre-suspended sediment. The optimum transport coefficient indicates some sensitivity to grain size, suggesting that some transport processes remain unaccounted for in the model. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.