Journal
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
Volume 528, Issue -, Pages 217-229Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.06.022
Keywords
Groundwater; Environmental tracers; Groundwater age; Lumped parameter modelling; Pollution vulnerability; Scania
Funding
- Region Skane
- Lansstyrelsen Skane
- Swedish Geological Survey
- Royal Physiographic Society in Lund
- Geological Field Club of Lund University
- U.S. DOE by LLNL [DE-AC52-07NA27344, LLNL-JRNL-658914]
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Twenty-five public supply wells throughout the hydrogeologically diverse region of Scania, southern Sweden are subjected to environmental tracer analysis (H-3-He-3, He-4, CFCs, SF6 and for one well only also Kr-85 and Ar-39) to study well and aquifer vulnerability and evaluate possibilities of groundwater age distribution assessment. We find CFC and SF6 concentrations well above solubility equilibrium with modern atmosphere, indicating local contamination, as well as indications of CFC degradation. The tracer-specific complications considerably constrain possibilities for sound quantitative regional groundwater age distribution assessments and demonstrate the importance of initial qualitative assessment of tracer-specific reliability, as well a need for additional, complementary tracers (e.g. Kr-85, Ar-39 and potentially also C-14). Lumped parameter modelling yields credible age distribution assessments for representative wells in four type aquifers. Pollution vulnerability of the aquifer types was based on the selected LPM models and qualitative age characterisation. Most vulnerable are unconfined dual porosity and fractured bedrock aquifers, due to a large component of very young groundwater. Unconfined sedimentary aquifers are vulnerable due to young groundwater and a small pre-modern component. Less vulnerable are semi-confined sedimentary or dual-porosity aquifers, due to older age of the modern component and a larger pre-modern component. Confined aquifers appear least vulnerable, due an entirely pre-modern groundwater age distribution (recharged before 1963). Tracer complications aside, environmental tracer analyses and lumped parameter modelling aid in vulnerability assessment and protection of regional groundwater resources. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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