Journal
CHEMOSPHERE
Volume 82, Issue 8, Pages 1124-1128Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.040
Keywords
Free estrogens; Conjugated estrogen; Sewage treatment plant; Removal; United Kingdom
Categories
Funding
- Ministry of Environment Japan
- Japan Society of Promotion of Science
- Monbukagakusho (Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Government of Japan)
- Natural Environment Research Council [ceh010022] Funding Source: researchfish
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [23254003] Funding Source: KAKEN
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The occurrence of free and conjugated estrogens was examined in a survey of eleven sewage treatment plants (STPs) and their discharge water in the United Kingdom using grab sampling. The STPs included trickling filter with and without tertiary treatment, and activated sludge with tertiary treatment. For three activated sludge plants both influent and effluent samples were compared. For a further 8 STPs only the effluent was examined. The estrone-3-sulphate, estradiol-3-sulphate and estriol-3-sulphate concentrations (up to 20 ng L-1) were typically 5-fold that of the respective free estrogen concentration in the effluents. This represents a substantial additional 'potential' estrogen load arriving in the receiving waters. Estrone-3-glucuronide was found at 9 ng L-1, estradiol-3-glucuronide at 7 ng L-1, and estriol-3-glucuronide at 32 ng L-1 in sewage influent. Except on one occasion, no glucuronide conjugates could be found in the effluent. The results suggest in most cases glucuronide conjugates will be completely transformed in sewage treatment whilst sulphate conjugates will only be partially removed. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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