Journal
CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL
Volume 21, Issue 7, Pages 3062-3072Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404749
Keywords
apoptosis; cytotoxicity; DNA damage; iron complexes; transcriptomics
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Funding
- National Key Basic Research Program of China, P.R. China [2013CB834802]
- Innovation and Technology Fund (ITF-Tier 2)
- HKSAR [SEG_HKU02]
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Two cytotoxic iron(II) complexes [Fe(L)(CH3CN)(n)](ClO4)(2) (L=qpy for Fe-1a, Py-5-OH for Fe-2a) were synthesized. Both complexes are stable against spontaneous demetalation and oxidation in buffer solutions. Cyclic voltammetry measurements revealed the higher stability of Fe-2a (+0.82 V vs Fc) against Fe-II to Fe-III oxidation than Fe-1a (+0.57 V vs Fc). These two complexes display potent cytotoxicity at micromolar level against a panel of cancer cell lines (Fe-1a=0.8-3.1 mu m; Fe-2a=0.6-3.4 mu m), and induce apoptosis that involves caspase activation. Transcriptomic and Connectivity Map analyses revealed that the changes of gene expression induced by Fe-1a and Fe-2a are similar to that induced by ciclopirox, an antifungal compound whose mode of action involves formation of intracellular cytotoxic iron chelates. Both Fe-1a and Fe-2a caused cellular nuclear DNA damage, as revealed by Comet assay and H2AX immunofluorescence experiments. The cytotoxicity is associated with production of reactive oxygen species (for Fe-1a), cell cycle regulation, and stress kinase pathways. The relative contributions of these to the overall cytotoxic mechanism is significantly affected by the structure of penta-N-donor ligand.
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