Inhibition of DNA binding activity of cAMP response element-binding protein by 1,2-naphthoquinone through chemical modification of Cys-286

1,2-Naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ) is an atmospheric electrophile that reacts covalently with protein thiols. Our previous study revealed that exposure of bovine aortic endothelial cells to 1,2-NQ causes covalent modification of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), thereby inhibiting its DNA binding activity and substantial gene expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) that is regulated by this transcription factor. In this study, we identified the modification sites of CREB that are associated with the decreased transcriptional activity. Matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) analysis indicated that three amino acids (Cys-286. Lys-290, and Lys-319) were irreversibly modified by 1,2-NQ. Mutational analysis revealed that electrophilic modification of Cys-286, but not the other two amino acids, at the DNA binding domain is essential for the reduced CREB activity. Substitution of Cys-286 with tryptophan (C286W), which mimics CREB modification by 1,2-NQ supported this notion. These results suggest that the covalent interaction of CREB with 1,2-NQ through Cys-286 blocks the DNA binding activity of CREB, resulting in the repression of CREB-regulated genes. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.