Lake Michigan trophic structure as revealed by stable C and N isotopes

The objectives of this study were to describe the current trophic structure of Lake Michigan's upper food web using stable C and N isotopes. We describe ontogenetic diet patterns for common Lake Michigan species as revealed by stable isotope analysis and compare these patterns during a major transitional period (2002-2003 to 2010-2012) for most trophic levels. Proportional prey assimilation for various fishes was described using a Bayesian mixing model approach, and ontogenetic patterns were described using an analysis of covariance. delta C-13 results reveal distinct separation between the offshore and nearshore food webs. Within the offshore food web, invertebrates and prey fishes exhibited a large range in mean delta N-15 values which resulted in an apparent overlap between these trophic levels. This overlap may be due to spatiotemporal variability in delta N-15 at the base of the food web. Within the nearshore food web, more distinct delineation of trophic levels was apparent in delta N-15 values. Non-dreissenid nearshore benthic invertebrates were very isotopically similar and were the primary prey for non-piscivorous nearshore fishes. Ontogenetic shifts in diet were observed for alewife, bloater, deepwater sculpin, lake trout, round goby and yellow perch. Furthermore ontogenetic diet patterns changed significantly during the study period for alewife and bloater. Our findings provide a trophic structure baseline that can inform management action and be used to evaluate further ecological change as community structure continues to evolve. (C) 2015 International Association for Great Lakes Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.