Journal
CHANNELS
Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 192-202Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC
DOI: 10.4161/chan.4.3.11867
Keywords
RGK GTPases; Ras; calcium channel; Ca(V)1.2; Rem; Rem2; Rad; Gem; calmodulin; calcium-dependent inactivation
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Funding
- Public Health Service [HL072936, HL074091]
- National Center for Research Resources, National Institutes of Health [P20 RR20171]
- American Diabetes Junior Faculty Award [7-05-JF-16]
- American Heart Association
- NIH [T32 HL072743]
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The Rem, Rem2, Rad and Gem/Kir (RGK) GTpases, comprise a subfamily of small Ras-related GTp-binding proteins, and have been shown to potently inhibit high voltage-activated Ca2+ channel current following overexpression. although the molecular mechanisms underlying RGK-mediated Ca2+ channel regulation remain controversial, recent studies suggest that RGK proteins inhibit Ca2+ channel currents at the plasma membrane in part by interactions with accessory channel beta subunits. In this paper, we extend our understanding of the molecular determinants required for RGK-mediated channel regulation by demonstrating a direct interaction between Rem and the proximal C-terminus of Ca(V)1.2 (pCT), including the CB/IQ domain known to contribute to Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-mediated channel regulation. The Rem2 and Rad GTpases display similar patterns of pCT binding, suggesting that the Ca(V)1.2 C-terminus represents a common binding partner for all RGK proteins. In vitro Rem: pCT binding is disrupted by Ca2+/CaM, and this effect is not due to Ca2+/CaM binding to the Rem C-terminus. In addition, co-overexpression of CaM partially relieves Rem-mediated L-type Ca2+ channel inhibition and slows the kinetics of Ca2+-dependent channel inactivation. Taken together, these results suggest that the association of Rem with the pCT represents a crucial molecular determinant in RGK-mediated Ca2+ channel regulation and that the physiological function of the RGK GTpases must be re-evaluated. Rather than serving as endogenous inhibitors of Ca2+ channel activity, these studies indicate that RGK proteins may play a more nuanced role, regulating Ca2+ currents via modulation of Ca2+/CaM-mediated channel inactivation kinetics.
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