Article
Engineering, Civil
Abd El -Hakim A. Khalil, Ahmed M. Atta, Ahmed T. Baraghith, Reda N. Behiry, Osama E. Soliman
Summary: This study investigates the efficiency of pre-fabricated strain-hardening cementitious composite (P-SHCC) plates that are embedded near the surface for shear strengthening of reinforced concrete deep beams (RC-DBs). The experimental results showed that the P-SHCC plates successfully enhanced the ultimate load capacity of the deep beams, especially when prestressing was introduced. Strengthening the P-SHCC plates with steel reinforcement resulted in a significant improvement in energy absorption capacity.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Xiuling Li, Xi Lu, Jianan Qi, Yi Bao
Summary: This study proposes a method to repair fire-damaged concrete beams using SHCC and investigates their flexural behavior through full-scale tests. The results indicate that the proposed repairing method is capable of increasing the load-carrying capacity, stiffness, and crack resistance of fire-damaged beams. Moreover, engineer-friendly formulae are provided to predict the load-carrying capacity of repaired beams.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Ali Hassan, Mohamed Ellithy, Tarek F. El-Shafiey
Summary: This study investigated the structural response of RC corbels strengthened with SHCC jackets. The experimental results showed that SHCC strengthening improves the shear strength, cracking behavior, and ductility of the corbels, and adding internal steel reinforcement in the jackets enhances the post-cracking performance.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
M. Iqbal Khan, S. Umer Sial, Galal Fares, Mohamed ElGawady, Shehab Mourad, Yousef Alharbi
Summary: This investigation explores the use of strain-hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) formulated based on desert sand to strengthen structural members. The results show that SHCC overlay beams enhance the flexural capacity, ductility, and crack control of the beams.
CASE STUDIES IN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Shan He, Shozab Mustafa, Ze Chang, Minfei Liang, Erik Schlangen, Mladena Lukovic
Summary: In this study, experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the cracking behavior of reinforced concrete beams with a thin layer of SHCC. A new type of SHCC/concrete interface was developed to activate SHCC effectively. The results showed that the hybrid beams with the new interface exhibited significantly improved cracking behavior compared to the control beams. The study highlights the strategic use of minimum amount of SHCC to enhance the performance of hybrid structures.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Qing-Hua Li, Xing Yin, Bo-Tao Huang, Ai-Min Luo, Yao Lyu, Chao-Jie Sun, Shi-Lang Xu
Summary: A novel approach for evaluating the shear interfacial behavior of cement-based materials was proposed in this study, through shear interfacial fracture tests, the feasibility and performance in strengthening and repairing concrete structures can be determined.
ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Dawei Gu, Jinlong Pan, Shozab Mustafa, Yitao Huang, Mladena Lukovic
Summary: Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC), also known as Strain Hardening Cementitious Composite (SHCC), is an ultra ductile fiber reinforced cementitious composites that enhances the structural and seismic resistance, as well as durability of concrete structures. ECC exhibits a pseudo-strain-hardening behavior under uniaxial tension and has a high ultimate tensile strain, making it a promising material for shear-resistant elements.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Ahmed T. Baraghith, Abdel-Hakim A. Khalil, Emad E. Etman, Reda N. Behiry
Summary: This paper presents a new strengthening system using Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites (SHCC) material for dapped-end beams (DEBs) in precast concrete structures. The results show that using SHCC plates can significantly improve the shear capacity and ductility of DEBs, and reduce crack width.
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Bingshuang Xue, Binbin Xu, Weihua Lu, Yongxing Zhang
Summary: Strain-hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) are construction materials with large strain capacity and high strength, which can be easily processed and have excellent workability. This paper reviews the behavior of SHCC in structural applications, focusing on flexural and shear behavior in strengthening reinforced concrete (RC). The findings demonstrate that factors such as stress concentration and bending effect influence crack propagation in the SHCC layer, and even a small thickness of the SHCC layer can significantly increase the shear load carrying capacity of the RC member.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Anne Linde van Overmeir, Stefan C. Figueiredo, Branko Savija, Freek P. Bos, Erik Schlangen
Summary: Since the development of three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP), strain hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) have been shown to have potential as a self-reinforcing printable mortar. However, there is limited research on achieving sufficient buildability with printable SHCC. This study investigates the role of particle size distribution (PSD) in relation to buildability properties and strain hardening properties. The research shows that optimizing the PSD improves buildability but can decrease pumpability and strain hardening capacity.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Chang Wu, Mingwen Xu, Yanli Su, Xinru Wang, Chenhua Jin
Summary: In this study, lightweight strain hardening cementitious composites (LW-SHCC) were developed through mix proportion design and experimental tests. The modified A&A model and fiber-reinforced composites were applied to achieve multiple cracking and strain hardening characteristics. The LW-SHCC exhibited high tensile strain capacities and lightweight properties. The numerical simulation also validated the effectiveness of the proposed model.
CASE STUDIES IN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Pengwei Guo, Xiangjun Meng, Weina Meng, Yi Bao
Summary: This paper presents an intelligent photo interpretation approach that integrates binocular and monocular cameras for automatic detection and quantification of microcracks in cementitious composite. The approach can track and analyze crack evolution, and it has been shown to be effective in the evaluation of SHCC.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
A. L. van Overmeir, B. Savija, F. P. Bos, E. Schlangen
Summary: This paper investigates the influence of raw materials and additives on the mechanical properties of printable strain hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) for 3D printing. By improving on a previously developed mixture, two 3DP-SHCC mix designs with significant strain hardening capacity and good printability properties were obtained.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Xiuling Li, Xiangrong Lv, Xintao Zhou, Weina Meng, Yi Bao
Summary: This research investigates the effects of fine recycled concrete powder on the properties of strain-hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) for sustainable and resilient structures. The study optimized the mixture design, evaluated the structural behavior, and assessed the life-cycle performance of SHCC at material and structural levels. The findings show that appropriate use of recycled concrete powder can enhance the ductility and retain the necessary strength and flowability of SHCC.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Chang-Geun Cho, Sun-Ju Lee
Summary: This research investigates the performance of RC and SHCC columns under lateral and constant loads, establishing two distributed inelastic finite element models. SHCC applied in the plastic hinge region enhances column capacities, controls cracks, prevents concrete spalling, and resists steel bar buckling. Comparing with experimental results, the current flexibility method provides accurate estimations on column responses and nonlinear responses of cross-sections, showing more accurate solutions at both element and structural levels compared to the stiffness method.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Adrian Chajec, Szymon Kwietniowski, Zuzanna Wozniak, Branko Savija, Lukasz Sadowski
Summary: Bleeding is a common problem in concrete slabs, but it can be controlled by adding granite powder or fly ash. Finer particle size distribution, increased specific surface area, and higher bulk density can reduce the amount of water in concrete mix and the bleeding rate. Bleeding can affect the compressive strength of concrete and lead to heterogeneity in physical and mechanical properties across the concrete section. Therefore, proper control of the bleeding process is crucial for achieving homogeneous properties in concrete.
STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yu Chen, Yu Zhang, Branko Savija, Oguzhan Copuroglu
Summary: This paper investigates the effect of LC2-to-slag ratio and gypsum content on the fresh properties, hydration, and compressive strength of quaternary blended cement pastes. The increase in LC2 proportion reduced flowability and increased water retention capacity, yield stress, and plastic viscosity. The addition of gypsum had little effect on most of the fresh properties. Adjusting LC2-to-slag ratio is a feasible way to meet requirements for fresh properties and compressive strength.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Qing-feng Liu, Xiao-han Shen, Branko Savija, Zhaozheng Meng, Daniel C. W. Tsang, Samad Sepasgozar, Erik Schlangen
Summary: This study investigates the behavior of multi-ions, including calcium and chloride, in concrete under wastewater and seawater conditions. Multiple mechanisms, such as calcium leaching, chloride transport, and multi-ion coupling, were analyzed. The interactive ingress of multi ions was realized through simulation methods, considering the individual mechanisms and mutual influences. The study also examined the distributions of diverse ions and the evolution mechanisms of porosity, considering the interaction with calcium ions in both pore solution and solid phase. The results suggest that calcium leaching accelerates chloride transport due to coarsened pore structure, and the electrochemical coupling effect of multi ions facilitates calcium leaching in the early stage but slightly delays it in the later stage.
CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Minfei Liang, Ze Chang, Yu Zhang, Hao Cheng, Shan He, Erik Schlangen, Branko Savija
Summary: This study aims to investigate the autogenous deformation and stress evolution in high-volume ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) concrete. The macro-scale autogenous deformation and stress evolution were studied using the Temperature Stress Testing Machine and Autogenous Deformation Testing Machine. The micro-scale origin of the autogenous deformation was explored using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and mercury intrusion porosimetry.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yu Chen, Yu Zhang, Shan He, Minfei Liang, Yamei Zhang, Erik Schlangen, Oguzhan copuroglu
Summary: This study investigates the effect of increasing the content of fine-grained metakaolin in calcined clay on the rheology of LC3 pastes. The results show that increasing the content of fine-grained metakaolin decreases flowability but promotes structural build-up and early-age hydration. These phenomena can be attributed to the decrease of mean interparticle distance caused by the increased amount of fine-grained metakaolin.
JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
A. L. van Overmeir, B. Savija, F. P. Bos, E. Schlangen
Summary: This paper investigates the influence of raw materials and additives on the mechanical properties of printable strain hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) for 3D printing. By improving on a previously developed mixture, two 3DP-SHCC mix designs with significant strain hardening capacity and good printability properties were obtained.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Minfei Liang, Yu Zhang, Shan He, Yu Chen, Erik Schlangen, Branko Savija
Summary: This study investigated the evolution process of high-volume slag cement (HVSC) paste from a chemomechanical standpoint. The evolution of phase assemblage, microstructure development, and micromechanical properties were analyzed at various ages. Key findings include the improvement of the effective elastic modulus by the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel phase and the increased elastic modulus due to slag rims produced by slag grains. A two-scale micromechanical model accurately predicted the effective modulus of HVSC composites.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yu Chen, Yu Zhang, Shan He, Xuhui Liang, Erik Schlangen, Oguzhan copuroglu
Summary: This study investigates the impact of inorganic additives, such as CaCl2 and gypsum, on the structural build-up and early-age hydration of limestone-calcined clay-cement (LC3) pastes within the first 70-80 min. The results show that increasing the dosage of CaCl2 or gypsum accelerates the evolution of storage modulus G' and static yield stress over time, as well as increases chemically bound water (H) content and total specific surface area (SSAtotal). The acceleration by CaCl2 is attributed to stimulating hydration of C3S and C3A and promoting crystal formation, while the increase in gypsum percentage leads to a higher SSAtotal due to unreacted gypsum in the system.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Jinbao Xie, Yading Xu, Zhi Wan, Ali Ghaderiaram, Erik Schlangen, Branko Savija
Summary: A novel piezoelectric energy harvester with auxetic cementitious cellular composites (ACCCs) and surface-mounted PVDF film has been designed and tested in this study. A numerical model has been established and validated to simulate the energy harvesting performance of ACCC-PVDF system under different loading conditions.
ENERGY AND BUILDINGS
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Sina Sayadi, Ze Chang, Shan He, Erik Schlangen, Iulia C. Mihai, Anthony Jefferson
Summary: This paper introduces a discrete lattice model for simulating structures formed from self-healing cementitious materials, and presents a new approach for simulating time dependent mechanical healing. The model is validated using experimental data and provides detailed information and an accurate calculation method for the volume of healing agent required.
ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Zhi Wan, Yu Zhang, Yading Xu, Branko Savija
Summary: This study investigates the use of dissolvable Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) filament to fabricate vascular networks for autonomous self-healing of cementitious composites. The vertically printed PVA tubes with wax coating show good dissolution behavior, and epoxy resin is found to be an effective healing agent for achieving mechanical and water tightness recovery. Specimens embedded with 3D vascular networks have higher healing potential than those utilizing 2D vascular networks.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Yading Xu, Branko Savija
Summary: This work proposes a 3D auxetic cementitious-polymeric composite structure (3D-ACPC) that combines 3D printed polymeric shell with cementitious mortar. Experimental results show that the 3D-ACPC has the ability to overcome the brittleness of conventional cementitious material and the low compressive strength of 3D printed polymeric cellular shell, exhibiting compressive strain-hardening behavior and high energy absorption ability. The 3D-ACPC also shows significantly enhanced specific energy absorption compared to conventional cementitious materials and polymeric cellular materials.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Shan He, Shozab Mustafa, Ze Chang, Minfei Liang, Erik Schlangen, Mladena Lukovic
Summary: In this study, experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the cracking behavior of reinforced concrete beams with a thin layer of SHCC. A new type of SHCC/concrete interface was developed to activate SHCC effectively. The results showed that the hybrid beams with the new interface exhibited significantly improved cracking behavior compared to the control beams. The study highlights the strategic use of minimum amount of SHCC to enhance the performance of hybrid structures.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ameya Kamat, Barbara Lubelli, Erik Schlangen
Summary: This study investigates the leaching behavior of sodium ferrocyanide and evaluates its effectiveness in reducing salt decay in mortar. The results indicate significant leaching of ferrocyanide ions, highlighting the need to minimize leaching to prolong the positive effect of the inhibitor on mortar durability.
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Anne Linde van Overmeir, Branko Savija, Freek P. Bos, Erik Schlangen
Summary: This paper evaluates the effect of each successive phase of the printing process on the mechanical properties of strain-hardening cementitious composites (SHCC). The results indicate that flexural and tensile strength, as well as their associated deflection and strain, are strongly affected by the printing process, while density and compressive strength are not significantly influenced. Additionally, the pumping phase is identified as the primary phase influencing the mechanical properties during the printing process.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Diego J. De Souza, Leandro F. M. Sanchez, Juarez Hoppe Filho, Marcelo H. F. Medeiros
Summary: This paper evaluates the physical and chemical properties of mortar mixtures with different binders and exposed to different sulphate solutions. A theoretical approach to describe the susceptibility of cementitious mixtures against sulphate attack is proposed. The results show that the amount of portlandite and the potential of ettringite formation are well correlated with the expansion and damage caused by sulphate attack.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yu Chen, Hossein Rahmani, Erik Schlangen, Og uzhan Copurog
Summary: This study presents a method to accelerate the production of limestone-calcined clay-based cementitious materials using Ca(NO3)2 solution in 3D printing, and investigates the effects of adding Ca(NO3)2 solution on the material's properties. The results show that adding Ca(NO3)2 solution can improve buildability, accelerate initial setting, and increase compressive strength.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Jing Xu, Xianzhi Wang, Wu Yao, Qing Chen, Hehua Zhu, Surendra P. Shah
Summary: Concrete cracks in marine engineering are caused by the hostile seawater environment, leading to serious deterioration of infrastructures. Microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is an effective and environmentally friendly approach for self-healing of concrete cracks. However, the formation and structure of MICP products for crack healing in seawater are still unclear, which hinders the application of MICP in marine structures.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Zhenbo Wang, Peng Sun, Yurun Fan, Yudong Han, Yudong Hu
Summary: This study investigates the potential use of engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) with strain-hardening and self-healing characteristics as a cover material in wet coral sand exposure. The results show that ECCs can effectively close cracks, reduce water permeability, and restore the load-carrying capacity of structures. Additionally, lower strain levels are associated with decreased rebar corrosion.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Zhengxian Yang, Xiaoli Xiong, Kang Li, Bruno Briseghella, Giuseppe Carlo Marano, Shanghong Chen
Summary: This study investigates the long-term volume stability and strength development of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) containing high-volume steel slag (SS). It is found that the strength of ECC with SS starts to decline after 90 days, while the decline is more significant compared to the matrix. The expansion of SS reduces the fracture toughness of the matrix, leading to an increase in toughness and ductility of the ECC. The introduction of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and PVA fibers can reduce the volume expansion and strength loss caused by SS expansion.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Bin Xi, Zhewen Huang, Salam Al-Obaidi, Liberato Ferrara
Summary: This study investigates the self-healing capabilities of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) under the combined influence of mechanical and environmental factors. The results reveal that UHPC with narrow cracks exhibits a higher degree of self-healing, especially when exposed to tap water. Furthermore, prolonged exposure mitigates the inhibitory effect of aggressive ions on self-healing.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Zhichao Xu, Huayang Sun, Yanlin Huo, Minjie Jia, Zhitao Chen, Yingzi Yang
Summary: In this study, MXene was used to modify the surface of polyethylene fiber, improving the interfacial properties and tensile properties of strain hardening cementitious composites. The MXene-coated fiber showed increased tensile stress and strain, reduced crack width and spacing, and enhanced frictional bond strength between the fiber and matrix.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Bao Lu, Yeqiang Zhou, Lei Jiang, Zhensen Liu, Guihua Hou
Summary: This study investigated the leaching rate of Ca2+ from magnesium slag (MS) and developed a leaching-carbonation method to convert MS into high-purity vaterite and supplementary cementitious materials. The wet carbonation process with glycine as a crystal modifier successfully produced spherical vaterite with high purity and surface area. The leachate solid residue (LSR) obtained from the leaching process of MS showed a smaller size destruction and higher surface area compared to Portland cement, leading to accelerated hydration process and improved compressive strength and pore structure development. This work provides a novel treatment method for MS and enables its high value-added utilization.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Gustavo Henrique Nalon, Jose Carlos Lopes Ribeiro, Leonardo Goncalves Pedroti, Roberto Marcio da Silva, Eduardo Nery Duarte de Araujo, Gustavo Emilio Soares de Lima
Summary: The mechanical behavior of mortar joints is crucial for masonry's structural performance. This study investigated the effects of different lime/cement ratios and carbon black nanoparticles content on the properties of mortars. The results showed that increasing lime content decreased mortar strength but increased self-sensing properties at the end of the percolation zone.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yifei Wang, Lei Lei, Caijun Shi
Summary: The effects of DEIPA and EDIPA at dosages of 0.02% and 0.05% on the hydration and strength development of cement-fly ash-limestone ternary blend were investigated. It was found that both dosages of DEIPA and EDIPA promote the chemical effect of limestone and the hydration of aluminates from cement and fly ash. The hydration of silicates was accelerated by 0.02% of DEIPA or EDIPA but delayed by 0.05% due to excessive aluminates hydration. DEIPA and EDIPA also refine the pore structure and increase compressive strength of the blend mortar.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Du Pan, Ditao Niu, Zongjin Li
Summary: A thick-walled cylinder model was developed in this study to analyze the cracking behavior of seawater sea-sand concrete (SSC) cover. Damage variables were introduced to determine the extent of damage for each cracked ring, and a predictive model for the cracking time of SSC cover was established. The accuracy of the model was verified using the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Jiangyu Wu, Hong S. Wong, Hao Zhang, Qian Yin, Hongwen Jing, Dan Ma
Summary: This study explores a method of strengthening cemented rockfill by using well-graded gangue and partially replacing Portland cement with fly ash and a premixed low-alkalinity activator. The research investigated the effects of activator dosage and curing time on the mechanical properties, composition, and microstructure of cemented rockfill. Results show improved performance with low cement content and the use of a low-cost activator. The addition of premixed activator to fly ash enhanced the formation of specific minerals and caused densification of the microstructure. The study reveals an effective and low-cost method for recycling mining wastes and reducing cement.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Juntao Dang, Xiaosong Tang, Jianzhuang Xiao, Aihong Han
Summary: This study proposes a solution to improve the fresh stability and thermal insulation of alkali-activated foamed concrete by adding recycled brick powder. The study investigates the effects of activator modulus and Na2O concentration on the properties of alkali-activated foamed concrete with different bases. The presence of alkaline activator negatively affects the foamability and foam stability, but adjusting the activator concentration can achieve shorter initial setting time and higher fluidity loss. In addition, the increased activator concentration resulted in changes in the pore structure of the foamed concrete.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Jiandong Zuo, Bo Wu, Biqin Dong, Feng Xing, Jun Ma, Guanqi Wei
Summary: Nitrite ion intercalated Ca-Al and Mg-Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were successfully synthesized using two modified methods. The Ca-Al LDH synthesized by hydrothermal method (H-C-LDH) exhibited the best properties. The intercalated LDHs improved the mechanical properties, chloride penetration resistance, and permeability resistance of cement mortars without affecting the fluidity. Additionally, the intercalated LDHs provided better corrosion resistance.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Review
Construction & Building Technology
Jingbin Yang, Zhenping Sun, Nele De Belie, Didier Snoeck
Summary: This review paper provides an overview of internal curing mechanism, common internal curing agents, and the most promising agent-superabsorbent polymers in alkali-activated materials (AAM) systems. The introduction of voids by internal curing agents typically has a negative impact on mechanical properties, but continuous water release during internal curing counteracts this effect by promoting hydration. While the effect of internal curing in reducing autogenous shrinkage of AAM systems has been well-established, the impact on drying shrinkage varies widely in different studies.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
