Article
Construction & Building Technology
Chuanchuan Guo, Ru Wang
Summary: This study investigated the effects of sulphoaluminate cement replacing Portland cement ratio (CRPR) and calcium sulfate to sulphoaluminate cement ratio (CCR) on the performance of the cement. The results showed that the variation of CRPR or CCR influenced the setting time, strength, water absorption, and chloride diffusion of the cement. The competition between aluminate in Portland cement and ye'elimite in sulphoaluminate cement in the hydration process affected the pore structure and hydration of the cementitious system.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Tamino Hirsch, Zichen Lu, Dietmar Stephan
Summary: The hydration of cements containing different sulphate carriers, namely gypsum, hemihydrate, and anhydrite, was investigated with and without triethanolamine. The presence of triethanolamine significantly affects the hydration process by increasing the initial dissolution of aluminates, leading to an increase in aluminium species in solution, and substantial retardation of C3S hydration. Hemihydrate can suppress this impact due to its high dissolution rate.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yongjie Bian, Yongbo Huang, Fuxin Li, Dong Dong, Honggen Zhao, Piqi Zhao, Lingchao Lu
Summary: By studying the preparation, hydration, and properties of PVA-modified CSA cement repair mortar, as well as the mechanism by which PVA improves bonding strength, it was found that PVA can prolong setting time, reduce mechanical strength initially, and enhance bonding strength in later stages.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Guangxiang Ji, Hafiz Asad Ali, Keke Sun, Dongxing Xuan, Xiaoqin Peng, Jingjun Li
Summary: Blending OPC with CSA cement can adjust the properties of cement for specific applications. In this study, CSA cement was used as a shrinkage-compensating admixture to improve the hydration behavior and performance of OPC. The experimental results showed that incorporating CSA cement delayed the hydration process of C3S, shortened the induction periods of the blended cement, and improved the early compressive strength and drying shrinkage of the OPC.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Xiufeng Deng, Huiyong Guo, Hongbo Tan, Junjie Zhang, Zhengqi Zheng, Maogao Li, Pian Chen, Xingyang He, Jin Yang, Jintang Wang
Summary: This study investigated the mechanism of using nano-ettringite to catalyze the early precipitation of ettringite, and the results showed that nano-ettringite significantly accelerated the hydration reaction rate, but had different effects on pastes of different types of cement.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Awa Yasmina Faridha Sawadogo, Sebastien Roux, Andre Lecomte
Summary: The study found that after exposure in an urban sewerage network, all cement pastes were colonized by sulphooxidizing bacteria, indicating that the cementitious nature is not a determining factor, but rather the actual environmental conditions favor the activity of sulphur bacteria.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Wiktor Szewczenko, Galyna Kotsay
Summary: The concept of introducing powdered materials with alkaline activity into cement compositions has been proposed, and the use of waste glass as an active additive to Portland cement has been evaluated. Replacing a portion of Portland cement with glass waste can maintain the alkaline activity of the cement composition at a level that meets standard requirements. The effects of mixed alkali in Portland cement in the presence of glass waste were described, showing a reduction in potassium alkaline activity when glass waste is introduced into cement compositions.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Y. M. Peng, C. Unluer, J. Y. Shi
Summary: The study investigated the rheo-viscoelastic behaviors of CSA modified PC pastes, analyzing the effects of different PC and CSA volume fractions on viscosity and predicting the minimum apparent viscosity of PC-CSA pastes. Results show an increase in viscosity, critical strain, and flow strain with increasing PC and CSA volume fractions at both 5 min and 60 min, with varying phase angles under different time spots. The accuracy of viscosity prediction models is relatively high, with the relationship between particle volume fractions and rheological properties being affected by early microstructures and hydration products over time.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yue Zhou, Zhongping Wang, Zheyu Zhu, Yuting Chen, Kai Wu, Haoliang Huang, Kasimova Guzal Anvarovna, Linglin Xu
Summary: Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement-calcined clay blends are promising cementitious materials with lower CO2 footprint. The addition of metakaolin and calcined montmorillonite influences the hydration of CSA cement, affecting setting time, physical strength, drying shrinkage, and microstructure of hydrates. Metakaolin reduces drying shrinkage while calcined montmorillonite accelerates initial heat evolution and setting.
CASE STUDIES IN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Chuanchuan Guo, Ru Wang, Ning Chen
Summary: The combination of Portland cement (PC) and sulphoaluminate cement (CSA) can improve the construction efficiency of cement-based materials. This study investigated the rheological behavior of PC-CSA blends to understand the evolution of workability. Rheological tests were conducted on pastes with different PC-CSA ratios, and the data was modeled using Herschel-Bulkley (H-B) model. It was found that samples with higher CSA content showed a faster increase in yield stress over time. Isothermal calorimetry and 1H low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used to evaluate the reaction kinetics and early-age reaction process of the blends, respectively.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yongbo Huang, Hao Sun, Wangang Liu, Honggen Zhao, Dong Dong, Piqi Zhao, Lingchao Lu
Summary: In this study, Ca(NO3)(2) was introduced as an accelerator in calcium sulphoaluminate (CSA) cement to promote the hydration of belite (beta-C2S) and improve the late-age performance. The results showed that Ca(NO3)(2) decreased water demand and prolonged setting time in the early hydration period, while boosting the hydration of ye'elimite (C(4)A(3)$) and the formation of ettringite (AFt) in the later hydration period, resulting in improved compressive strength. Furthermore, Ca(NO3)(2) also enhanced the hydration of beta-C2S at later stages and reduced capillary pore volume, improving the permeability and corrosion resistance of the hardened cement paste.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Jianfeng Wang, Yan Wang, Hui Liu, Lei Chang, Hui Wang, Yali Wang, Suping Cui
Summary: The effects of disodium EDTA (EDTA-2Na) on the hydration and mechanical properties of calcium sulphoaluminate-belite cement (CSBC) were studied. EDTA-2Na addition resulted in visible changes in CSBC strength development. At 7 d and 28 d, 0.50% EDTA-2Na significantly enhanced the compressive strength by 18% and 23% compared to the blank specimens, while reducing the strength at 8 h and 1 d. The content of the main hydration product (AFt) played a crucial role in the strength development.
CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Elsa Qoku, Thomas A. Bier, Gert Schmidt, Jorgen Skibsted
Summary: This study investigates the hydration and evolution of solid phase assemblage in ternary cement pastes as a function of sulphate source. The results show that the type of sulphate influences the amounts of crystalline hydrates and X-ray amorphous phases. In long-term hydration, formulations containing anhydrite exhibit the highest amount of ettringite, while gypsum-containing samples develop a higher fraction of AFm phases and X-ray amorphous hydrates. The type of sulphate source also impacts the hydration of silicate-bearing phases.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Chongchong Qi, Hegoi Manzano, Dino Spagnoli, Qiusong Chen, Andy Fourie
Summary: A comprehensive comparison of the initial hydration process of calcium silicates, namely dicalcium silicate (C2S) and tricalcium silicate (C3S), was conducted using molecular dynamics simulations. It was found that the hydration of M-3-C3S was more evident than beta-C2S, possibly due to the coordination number of the surface Ca atoms. Interactions between cement surfaces and water molecules were mainly characterized by solid O-H bonding and Ca-water O bonding.
CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Jian Li, Ru Wang, Yu Xu
Summary: The effects of different cellulose ethers on the setting and hydration process of calcium sulphoaluminate (CSA) cement were studied in this research. The results showed that the type and dosage of cellulose ethers had an impact on the setting time and hydration heat of the cement.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ellina Bernard, Wolfgang Jan Zucha, Barbara Lothenbach, Urs Mader
Summary: Experimental observation showed that MgO in cementitious materials precipitates as poorly crystalline hydrotalcite, but the lack of consistent thermodynamic data for hydrotalcite makes geochemical modelling challenging. Synthesizing hydrotalcites with different anions indicated varying levels of crystallinity. The stability of hydrotalcite structure with temperature was found to depend on the incorporated anion.
CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH
(2022)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zhenguo Shi, Barbara Lothenbach
Summary: The use of alumina-rich supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and lithium salts can effectively mitigate the expansion caused by alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete. The role of aluminum is likely related to the reduction of the dissolution rate of reactive silica, while the mechanisms of lithium salts in mitigating ASR are still not fully understood due to lack of knowledge about the reaction products formed.
FRONTIERS IN MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Fabien Georget, Barbara Lothenbach, William Wilson, Franco Zunino, Karen L. Scrivener
Summary: This study investigates the stability of hemicarbonate in hydrated cement paste and its formation of solid solutions with foreign anions. The results suggest that hemicarbonate is significantly stabilized by the incorporation of sulfates and/or chlorides, and this stabilization can be observed through various analytical techniques. The findings provide insights into the chemical processes in cement paste and contribute to a better understanding of its properties and performance.
CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Biwan Xu, Frank Winnefeld, Bin Ma, Daniel Rentsch, Barbara Lothenbach
Summary: Aluminum sulfate has a positive effect on preventing efflorescence of magnesium potassium phosphate cements by modifying the cement properties and hydration process.
CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
E. R. Gallyamov, A. Leemann, B. Lothenbach, J. -f. Molinari
Summary: This paper studies the possibility of crack growth due to internal loading caused by alkali-silica reaction. The study reveals the dependence of crack growth potential on the shape of the ASR product, particularly spherical and spheroidal shapes. For a chosen material properties and expansion value, there exists a critical spheroid radius below which no crack growth is expected.
CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Kapilraj Natkunarajah, Koneswaran Masilamani, Sithambaresan Maheswaran, Barbara Lothenbach, D. A. S. Amarasinghe, Dinesh Attygalle
Summary: This study focused on investigating the changes in pH value of concrete pore solution during the hydration process, and found that the direct measurement of pH using methods like pH electrode and titration underestimated the real values due to dilution effect, while results obtained from measured alkali concentrations were more reliable.
CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH
(2022)
Correction
Chemistry, Physical
A. Mancini, E. Wieland, G. Geng, B. Lothenbach, B. Wehrli, R. Dahn
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Frank Winnefeld, Andreas Leemann, Alexander German, Barbara Lothenbach
Summary: The production of cement contributes to a significant amount of CO2 emissions, but mineral carbonation technology offers a solution by storing CO2 in cement-based concrete and magnesium silicate rocks. These carbonated materials can be used in novel construction materials and potentially achieve carbon negativity. However, further research is needed to optimize the processes and explore the properties and durability of these materials.
CURRENT OPINION IN GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ellina Bernard, Barbara Lothenbach, Daniel Rentsch, Alexander German, Frank Winnefeld
Summary: The effect of carbonates on the formation of magnesium silicate hydrate phases was investigated, and it was found that carbonates can significantly accelerate the formation of M-S-H phases.
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Y. Yan, B. Ma, G. D. Miron, D. A. Kulik, K. Scrivener, B. Lothenbach
Summary: The effect of Al and pH on the structure of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) was studied. The presence of Al led to changes in the secondary phases, interlayer distances, silicate chains, and concentrations of dissolved Al and Si. pH values also affected the structure, with different secondary phases dominating at low and high pH values.
CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ellina Bernard, Barbara Lothenbach, Alexander German, Daniel Rentsch, Frank Winnefeld
Summary: The effect of alumina and carbonates on magnesium silicate hydrate (M-S-H) cements was studied under high Mg/Si ratios, constant Na2CO3 concentration, and varying Al/Si ratios. The results showed the formation of M-(A-)S-H phases and hydrotalcite in the presence of aluminum, but little reaction with hydromagnesite. Thermodynamic modeling, considering the reactivity of the starting materials, demonstrated relatively good agreement with the observed phase assemblage.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2023)
Review
Construction & Building Technology
Erich Wieland, George Dan Miron, Bin Ma, Guoqing Geng, Barbara Lothenbach
Summary: Steel is used as reinforcement in construction materials and is an important part of cement-stabilized waste materials. The corrosion of steel releases dissolved Fe(II/III) species, which can form corrosion products or interact with cementitious materials. The retention of Fe(II/III) by the hydrate in cement paste is crucial for the diffusive transport of aqueous species, while the diffusion of aqueous Fe(II/III) species and the formation of iron corrosion products determine the extension of corrosion front.
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Helene Pasco, Sonia Naidu, Barbara Lothenbach, Enrico Sassoni
Summary: This study investigates the ability of aqueous phosphate solutions to enhance the surface properties of cement pastes through the formation of low-solubility calcium phosphate (CaP) phases. Diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (DPP), and disodium hydrogen phosphate (DSP) were studied using thermodynamic modeling and experiments. The best results were obtained with a 1 M DPP + 1 mM CaCl2 solution applied to cement hydrated for 7 days, resulting in a CaP coating that significantly improved the resistance to abrasion, surface indentation, and staining of the cement pastes. Preliminary durability tests confirmed that no efflorescence occurred, indicating the environmental sustainability of the treatment.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Fabio E. Furcas, Barbara Lothenbach, Shishir Mundra, Camelia N. Borca, Cristhiana Carine Albert, O. Burkan Isgor, Thomas Huthwelker, Ueli M. Angst
Summary: The transformation of 2-line ferrihydrite to goethite in alkaline solutions was studied, and the results showed that the transformation rate increased significantly at higher pH levels. The analysis presented in this study can be used to estimate the transformation rate of 2-line ferrihydrite in various aqueous electrolytes and the formation of corrosion products in cementitious pore solutions.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Richard Caron, Ravi A. Patel, George D. Miron, Cassandre Le Galliard, Barbara Lothenbach, Frank Dehn
Summary: Slag, a by-product of the steel industry, can be used as a binder for alkali solutions. This study discusses the microstructural development of two alkali-activated slag mixes for structural applications. Characterization of reaction products was done using various techniques, and the Ca/Si ratio and secondary products were found to depend on the activator solution. Dissolution kinetics was followed by calorimetry and microscopy, and thermodynamic modeling was used to predict phase assemblage.
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Diego J. De Souza, Leandro F. M. Sanchez, Juarez Hoppe Filho, Marcelo H. F. Medeiros
Summary: This paper evaluates the physical and chemical properties of mortar mixtures with different binders and exposed to different sulphate solutions. A theoretical approach to describe the susceptibility of cementitious mixtures against sulphate attack is proposed. The results show that the amount of portlandite and the potential of ettringite formation are well correlated with the expansion and damage caused by sulphate attack.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yu Chen, Hossein Rahmani, Erik Schlangen, Og uzhan Copurog
Summary: This study presents a method to accelerate the production of limestone-calcined clay-based cementitious materials using Ca(NO3)2 solution in 3D printing, and investigates the effects of adding Ca(NO3)2 solution on the material's properties. The results show that adding Ca(NO3)2 solution can improve buildability, accelerate initial setting, and increase compressive strength.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Jing Xu, Xianzhi Wang, Wu Yao, Qing Chen, Hehua Zhu, Surendra P. Shah
Summary: Concrete cracks in marine engineering are caused by the hostile seawater environment, leading to serious deterioration of infrastructures. Microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is an effective and environmentally friendly approach for self-healing of concrete cracks. However, the formation and structure of MICP products for crack healing in seawater are still unclear, which hinders the application of MICP in marine structures.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Zhenbo Wang, Peng Sun, Yurun Fan, Yudong Han, Yudong Hu
Summary: This study investigates the potential use of engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) with strain-hardening and self-healing characteristics as a cover material in wet coral sand exposure. The results show that ECCs can effectively close cracks, reduce water permeability, and restore the load-carrying capacity of structures. Additionally, lower strain levels are associated with decreased rebar corrosion.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Zhengxian Yang, Xiaoli Xiong, Kang Li, Bruno Briseghella, Giuseppe Carlo Marano, Shanghong Chen
Summary: This study investigates the long-term volume stability and strength development of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) containing high-volume steel slag (SS). It is found that the strength of ECC with SS starts to decline after 90 days, while the decline is more significant compared to the matrix. The expansion of SS reduces the fracture toughness of the matrix, leading to an increase in toughness and ductility of the ECC. The introduction of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and PVA fibers can reduce the volume expansion and strength loss caused by SS expansion.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Bin Xi, Zhewen Huang, Salam Al-Obaidi, Liberato Ferrara
Summary: This study investigates the self-healing capabilities of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) under the combined influence of mechanical and environmental factors. The results reveal that UHPC with narrow cracks exhibits a higher degree of self-healing, especially when exposed to tap water. Furthermore, prolonged exposure mitigates the inhibitory effect of aggressive ions on self-healing.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Zhichao Xu, Huayang Sun, Yanlin Huo, Minjie Jia, Zhitao Chen, Yingzi Yang
Summary: In this study, MXene was used to modify the surface of polyethylene fiber, improving the interfacial properties and tensile properties of strain hardening cementitious composites. The MXene-coated fiber showed increased tensile stress and strain, reduced crack width and spacing, and enhanced frictional bond strength between the fiber and matrix.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Bao Lu, Yeqiang Zhou, Lei Jiang, Zhensen Liu, Guihua Hou
Summary: This study investigated the leaching rate of Ca2+ from magnesium slag (MS) and developed a leaching-carbonation method to convert MS into high-purity vaterite and supplementary cementitious materials. The wet carbonation process with glycine as a crystal modifier successfully produced spherical vaterite with high purity and surface area. The leachate solid residue (LSR) obtained from the leaching process of MS showed a smaller size destruction and higher surface area compared to Portland cement, leading to accelerated hydration process and improved compressive strength and pore structure development. This work provides a novel treatment method for MS and enables its high value-added utilization.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Gustavo Henrique Nalon, Jose Carlos Lopes Ribeiro, Leonardo Goncalves Pedroti, Roberto Marcio da Silva, Eduardo Nery Duarte de Araujo, Gustavo Emilio Soares de Lima
Summary: The mechanical behavior of mortar joints is crucial for masonry's structural performance. This study investigated the effects of different lime/cement ratios and carbon black nanoparticles content on the properties of mortars. The results showed that increasing lime content decreased mortar strength but increased self-sensing properties at the end of the percolation zone.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yifei Wang, Lei Lei, Caijun Shi
Summary: The effects of DEIPA and EDIPA at dosages of 0.02% and 0.05% on the hydration and strength development of cement-fly ash-limestone ternary blend were investigated. It was found that both dosages of DEIPA and EDIPA promote the chemical effect of limestone and the hydration of aluminates from cement and fly ash. The hydration of silicates was accelerated by 0.02% of DEIPA or EDIPA but delayed by 0.05% due to excessive aluminates hydration. DEIPA and EDIPA also refine the pore structure and increase compressive strength of the blend mortar.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Du Pan, Ditao Niu, Zongjin Li
Summary: A thick-walled cylinder model was developed in this study to analyze the cracking behavior of seawater sea-sand concrete (SSC) cover. Damage variables were introduced to determine the extent of damage for each cracked ring, and a predictive model for the cracking time of SSC cover was established. The accuracy of the model was verified using the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Jiangyu Wu, Hong S. Wong, Hao Zhang, Qian Yin, Hongwen Jing, Dan Ma
Summary: This study explores a method of strengthening cemented rockfill by using well-graded gangue and partially replacing Portland cement with fly ash and a premixed low-alkalinity activator. The research investigated the effects of activator dosage and curing time on the mechanical properties, composition, and microstructure of cemented rockfill. Results show improved performance with low cement content and the use of a low-cost activator. The addition of premixed activator to fly ash enhanced the formation of specific minerals and caused densification of the microstructure. The study reveals an effective and low-cost method for recycling mining wastes and reducing cement.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Juntao Dang, Xiaosong Tang, Jianzhuang Xiao, Aihong Han
Summary: This study proposes a solution to improve the fresh stability and thermal insulation of alkali-activated foamed concrete by adding recycled brick powder. The study investigates the effects of activator modulus and Na2O concentration on the properties of alkali-activated foamed concrete with different bases. The presence of alkaline activator negatively affects the foamability and foam stability, but adjusting the activator concentration can achieve shorter initial setting time and higher fluidity loss. In addition, the increased activator concentration resulted in changes in the pore structure of the foamed concrete.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Jiandong Zuo, Bo Wu, Biqin Dong, Feng Xing, Jun Ma, Guanqi Wei
Summary: Nitrite ion intercalated Ca-Al and Mg-Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were successfully synthesized using two modified methods. The Ca-Al LDH synthesized by hydrothermal method (H-C-LDH) exhibited the best properties. The intercalated LDHs improved the mechanical properties, chloride penetration resistance, and permeability resistance of cement mortars without affecting the fluidity. Additionally, the intercalated LDHs provided better corrosion resistance.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
Review
Construction & Building Technology
Jingbin Yang, Zhenping Sun, Nele De Belie, Didier Snoeck
Summary: This review paper provides an overview of internal curing mechanism, common internal curing agents, and the most promising agent-superabsorbent polymers in alkali-activated materials (AAM) systems. The introduction of voids by internal curing agents typically has a negative impact on mechanical properties, but continuous water release during internal curing counteracts this effect by promoting hydration. While the effect of internal curing in reducing autogenous shrinkage of AAM systems has been well-established, the impact on drying shrinkage varies widely in different studies.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2024)
