Quaternary denudation of southern Fennoscandia - evidence from the marine realm

Throughout the last 1.1 million years repeated glaciations have modified the southern Fennoscandian landscape and the neighbouring continental shelf into their present form. The glacigenic erosion products derived from the Fennoscandian landmasses were transported to the northern North Sea and the SE Nordic Seas continental margin. The prominent sub-marine Norwegian Channel trough, along the south coast of Norway, was the main transport route for the erosion products between 1.1 and 0.0?Ma. Most of these erosion products were deposited in the North Sea Fan, which reaches a maximum thickness of 1500?m and has nearly 40?000?km3 of sediments. About 90% of the North Sea Fan sediments have been deposited during the last 500?000 years, in a time period when fast-moving ice streams occupied the Norwegian Channel during each glacial stage. Back-stripping the sediment volumes in the northern North Sea and SE Nordic Seas sink areas, including the North Sea Fan, to their assumed Fennoscandian source area gives an average vertical erosion of 164?m for the 1.10.0?Ma time period. The average 1.10.0?Ma erosion rate in the Fennoscandian source area is estimated to be 0.15?mm?a-1. We suggest, however, that large variations in erosion rates have existed through time and that the most intense Fennoscandian landscape denudation occurred during the time period of repeated shelf edge ice advances, namely from Marine Isotope Stage 12 (c. 0.5?Ma) onwards.